FN Clarivate Analytics Web of Science VR 1.0 PT J AU Van der Voort, ME McGraw, JB AF Van der Voort, Martha E. McGraw, James B. TI Effects of harvester behavior on population growth rate affects sustainability of ginseng trade SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE ginseng; Panax quinquefolius; life table response experiment; harvest; plant conservation ID PANAX-QUINQUEFOLIUM ARALIACEAE; HYDRASTIS-CANADENSIS L.; AMERICAN GINSENG; VIABILITY ANALYSIS; AGE; DEMOGRAPHY; MODEL; PLANT; SIZE; GOLDENSEAL AB When long-term, intense levels of harvest nearly extirpated Chinese ginseng (Panax ginseng C. Meyer) in the early 18th century, commercial harvest of American ginseng (P. quinquefolius L.) began and large quantities of the roots were exported to East Asia. Annual export figures have fallen over the past 200 years, but demand for wild American ginseng has not abated. Persistent harvest of long-lived, slow-maturing species can have negative impacts on population growth rates, yet those closest to wild resources are often in a position to be the best stewards of that resource. This study explored the consequences of different harvester behaviors on the population dynamics of American ginseng. Drawing on known behaviors, we developed three harvester 'types' and ran demographic simulations on wild ginseng populations, partitioning the sources of differences in population growth rates using a life table response experiment (LTRE). The simulations showed that ignoring size class limits and harvest season onset dates dramatically affected population growth rates. Existing laws in many states are not adequate to protect wild ginseng populations. A stewardship-oriented harvester, who delays harvest onset by two weeks, self-limits harvest intensity and plants ginseng seeds at the time of harvest can reverse declining population growth rates. 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Conserv. PD JUL PY 2006 VL 130 IS 4 BP 505 EP 516 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.010 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 058AQ UT WOS:000238636900004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Krcmar, E van Kooten, GC Nelson, H Vertinsky, I Webb, J AF Krcmar, E. van Kooten, G. C. Nelson, H. Vertinsky, I. Webb, J. TI The Little Red River Cree Nation's forest management strategies under a changing forest policy SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE boreal forest; First Nations; forest co-management; forest policy; old growth; sustainability ID BOREAL FORESTS AB In this study, we explore alternative strategies available to the Little Red River Cree Nation for meeting their projected socio-economic needs using the natural resources to which they have access. We analyze outcomes from mathematical programming models for various forest policy regimes, ranging from current sustained-yield management to sustainable forest management. The potential outcomes of the two approaches are analyzed using financial returns, harvest volumes and ecological impacts. Results indicate that decision-makers face significant trade-offs in determining an appropriate management strategy for the forest lands they control. Our main conclusion is that economic development strategies for First Nations must diversify away from forest resources in the long run if they are to be successful. C1 Univ British Columbia, FEPA, Res Unit, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ Victoria, Dept Econ, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada. RP Krcmar, E (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, FEPA, Res Unit, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM ekrcmar@interchange.ubc.ca; kooten@uvic.ca; harrywn@interchange.ubc.ca; Ilan.Vertinsky@sauder.ubc.ca; jwebb@incentre.net OI van Kooten, G Cornelis/0000-0003-1780-7065; Vertinsky, Ilan/0000-0002-9492-8007 CR Adamowicz WL, 1998, CAN PUBLIC POL, V24, pS51, DOI 10.2307/3551879 Angelstam PK, 1998, J VEG SCI, V9, P593, DOI 10.2307/3237275 *ASRD, 2005, CROWN TIMB TIMB DUES *ASRD, 2000, ALB IMPL ACT PLAN NA *ASRD, 1996, SUST YIELD ALB Bergeron Y, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V75, P49, DOI 10.5558/tfc75049-1 BINKLEY C, 2000, SUSTAINING FORESTS P, P174 Brooke A., 1998, GAMS USERS GUIDE Burton PJ, 1999, FOREST CHRON, V75, P623, DOI 10.5558/tfc75623-4 Davis L. 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PD JUL-AUG PY 2006 VL 82 IS 4 BP 529 EP 537 DI 10.5558/tfc82529-4 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 077CG UT WOS:000240004700034 OA Bronze DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Zuindeau, B AF Zuindeau, Bertrand TI Spatial approach to sustainable development: Challenges of equity and efficacy SO REGIONAL STUDIES LA English DT Article DE sustainable development; spatial approach; equity; efficacy ID ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; ENVIRONMENTAL-POLICY; GOVERNANCE; PROXIMITY; DIMENSION; ECONOMY; TRADE; CITY AB The present paper considers the two challenges of equity and efficacy, and it tries to specify the variables that influence each of them in a spatial approach. In order to do this, it draws on the existing literature, highlighting the differences in treatment depending on the approach, and also stressing the weaknesses. Overall, it is believed that the spatial dimension exacerbates the contradictions that arise from the implementation of sustainable development, in particular the contradictions that are likely to appear between a logic of sustainability and a logic of competitiveness. The paper concludes by examining the question of governance. C1 Univ Lille 1, CLERSE, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. Univ Lille 1, IFRESI, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. RP Zuindeau, B (reprint author), Univ Lille 1, CLERSE, F-59655 Villeneuve Dascq, France. EM Bertrand.Zuindeau@univ-lille1.fr CR Adger WN, 2003, ENVIRON PLANN A, V35, P1095, DOI 10.1068/a35289 AGARWAL A, 1992, ECOLOGIE POLITIQUE, V2, P23 Andersson JO, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P113, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00272-X Baumol W. 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PD JUL PY 2006 VL 40 IS 5 BP 459 EP 470 DI 10.1080/0034300600757437 PG 12 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Geography; Regional & Urban Planning SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Geography; Public Administration GA 064WC UT WOS:000239119600002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Waller, PJ AF Waller, PJ TI From discovery to development: Current industry perspectives for the development of novel methods of helminth control in livestock SO VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 20th Conference of the World-Association-for-the-Advancement-of-Veterinary-Parasitology CY OCT 16-20, 2005 CL Christchurch, NEW ZEALAND SP World Assoc Adv Vet Parasitol DE helminths; livestock; control; perspectives; industry; research; development ID RESISTANCE; NEMATODES; SYSTEMS AB Despite the extraordinary success in the development of anthelmintics in the latter part of the last century, helminth parasites of domestic ruminants continue to pose the greatest infectious disease problem in grazing livestock systems worldwide. Newly emerged threats to continuing successful livestock production, particularly with small ruminants, are the failure of this chemotherapeutic arsenal due to the widespread development of anthelmintic resistance at a time when the likelihood of new products becoming commercially available seems more remote. Changing public attitudes with regards to animal welfare, food preferences and safety will also significantly impact on the ways in which livestock are managed and their parasites are controlled. Superimposed on this are changes in livestock demographics internationally, in response to evolving trade policies and demands for livestock products. In addition, is the apparently ever-diminishing numbers of veterinary parasitology researchers in both the public and private sectors. Industries, whether being the livestock industries. the public research industries, or the pharmaceutical industries that provide animal health products, must adapt to these changes. In the context of helminth control in ruminant livestock, the mind-set of 'suppression' needs to be replaced by 'management' of parasites to maintain long-term profitable livestock production. Existing effective chemical groups need to be carefully husbanded and non-chemotherapeutic methods of parasite control need to be further researched and adopted, if and when, they become commercially available. This will require veterinary parasitology researchers from both the public and private sectors to work in close co-operation to ensure 'sustainability' - not only of the livestock industries that they service - but also for their very own activities and enterprises. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Vet Inst, SWEPAR, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. RP Waller, PJ (reprint author), Natl Vet Inst, SWEPAR, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden. EM peter.waller@sva.se CR Behnke JM, 2000, ACTA PARASITOL, V45, P1 BROOKER JD, 1999, ACIAR P 92 Geary TG, 2004, TRENDS PARASITOL, V20, P449, DOI 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.003 Githiori John B., 2005, Animal Health Research Reviews, V6, P91, DOI 10.1079/AHR2005099 Hotson I. K., 1985, Resistance in nematodes to anthelmintic drugs, P117 Kaplan RM, 2004, TRENDS PARASITOL, V20, P477, DOI 10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.001 KETZIS JK, VET PARASITOL Malan FS, 2001, ONDERSTEPOORT J VET, V68, P165 McKellar QA, 2004, TRENDS PARASITOL, V20, P456, DOI [10.1016/j.pt.2004.08.002, 10.1016/j,pt.2004.08.002] MCKELLAR QA, 1994, VET PARASITOL, V54, P249, DOI 10.1016/0304-4017(94)90093-0 MCLEOD RS, 1995, INT J PARASITOL, V25, P1363, DOI 10.1016/0020-7519(95)00071-9 NARI A, 1997, P BIOL CONTR WORKSH, P89 Perry B. D., 2002, INVESTING ANIMAL HLT van Veen TWS, 1999, INT J PARASITOL, V29, P7, DOI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00174-X Waller PJ, 2004, TRENDS PARASITOL, V20, P493, DOI [10.1016/j.pt.2004.07.012, 10.1016/j/pt.2004.07.012] WALLER PJ, 1994, ACTA TROP, V56, P233, DOI 10.1016/0001-706X(94)90065-5 Witty MJ, 1999, INT J PARASITOL, V29, P95, DOI 10.1016/S0020-7519(98)00193-3 *WOOD M, 2005, AN HLTH MARK SPEC 1992, 96 FAO NR 19 TC 95 Z9 97 U1 2 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0304-4017 J9 VET PARASITOL JI Vet. Parasitol. PD JUN 30 PY 2006 VL 139 IS 1-3 BP 1 EP 14 DI 10.1016/j.vetpar.2006.02.036 PG 14 WC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences SC Parasitology; Veterinary Sciences GA 055GV UT WOS:000238439100001 PM 16675128 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Nielsen, M AF Nielsen, Max TI Trade liberalisation, resource sustainability and welfare: The case of East Baltic cod SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE EU enlargement; trade liberalisation; fisheries management; shared stock; backward-bending supply; welfare ID ACCESS RENEWABLE RESOURCES; INTERNATIONAL-TRADE; MODEL AB Recent research has warned that liberalising trade in capture fish products originating from inefficiently managed fisheries might cause over-exploitation, reduced fish stocks and thereby a reduced steady-state of welfare. This paper qualifies the warning in a case study of the East Baltic cod market by developing an,age-structured bio-economic supply model combined with basic theory of trade between two countries. Welfare effects of trade liberalisation are identified taking fishing quotas, input limitations, mesh-size regulations and shared ownership of stocks into account. It is shown that although liberalising trade in products supplied by such a fishery might cause steady-state welfare reductions in the supplier countries, these welfare reductions are small compared to the welfare gains from a hypothetical change to optimal management. Hence, the introduction of better fisheries management is much more important than trying to meet potential negative consequences of trade liberalisation since even small improvements in fisheries management may offset the negative effects of trade liberalisation. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Food & Resource Econ Inst, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. RP Nielsen, M (reprint author), Royal Vet & Agr Univ, Food & Resource Econ Inst, Rolighedsvej 25, DK-1958 Frederiksberg C, Denmark. 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B., 1954, INTERAM TROP TUNA CO, V1, P25 Schulz C. E., 1996, Environmental and Resource Economics, V8, P15 SCHULZ CE, 1997, MARINE RESOURCE EC, V12, P159 *UN FOOD AGR ORG, 2001, STAT WORLD FISH AQ 2 NR 27 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD JUN 25 PY 2006 VL 58 IS 3 BP 650 EP 664 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.08.013 PG 15 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 060WC UT WOS:000238831400015 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Sell, J Koellner, T Weber, O Pedroni, L Scholz, RW AF Sell, Joachim Koellner, Thomas Weber, Olaf Pedroni, Lucio Scholz, Roland W. TI Decision criteria of European and Latin American market actors for tropical forestry projects providing environmental services SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE decision criteria; environmental services; market actors; tropical forestry; multi-criteria decision making ID COSTA-RICAN EXPERIENCE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; MANAGEMENT; ADDITIONALITY; CERTIFICATION; PREFERENCES; INDICATORS; VALUATION; GOODS AB Converting the environmental services of tropical forests from public goods to tradable services is a promising approach to sustaining tropical forests' ecosystem functions and services. We hypothesize that the development of markets for these environmental services will substantially depend on compliance with requirements of key market actors representing supply and demand sides. This paper analyzes market actors' decision criteria related to engagement in tropical forestry projects that provide environmental services. In a questionnaire survey, 45 experts from Latin America and Europe representing key market actor groups, i.e., certifiers, consulting companies, financial institutions, governmental organizations, industrial companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), were asked to name and weight criteria that tropical forestry projects should meet in order to attract their institution's engagement. Many of these 45 institutions are already involved in several market activities related to tropical forestry projects and environmental services, including asset management, certification, consultancy, credit business, investments, project ownership and trade/brokerage. The collected criteria cover a variety of topics that clearly go beyond frequently applied sustainability dimensions in forestry related multi-criteria based decision making, i.e., social, environmental and economic dimensions. For example, relatively many criteria involve topics such as project management, risk management or marketing. While differences in criteria weighting among market actor groups are not significant, we found a significant interaction between criteria weights and the provenance of participants, indicating that Latin American and European market actors nominate and weight single decision criteria differently. The five criteria with highest mean weights in the European sample are social benefits, legal compliance, sustainability, environmental benefits and stakeholder participation. The Latin American market actors weighted highest expertise and capacity building, financial resources, political aspects, information management and markets. Generally, Latin American market actors emphasize criteria related to markets and information/knowledge management, whereas European participants tend to assign importance to social and environmental benefits and sustainability. The survey provides preliminary insights into bottom-up defined decision criteria relevant for key-actors in the market of tropical forestry-based environmental services, and compiles information for further multi-criteria based assessments of tropical forestry projects providing environmental services. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ETH Zentrum, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, HES, NSSI,HAD, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. CATIE, Global Change Grp, Turrialba, Costa Rica. RP Sell, J (reprint author), ETH Zentrum, Swiss Fed Inst Technol, HES, NSSI,HAD, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. 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TI Virtual land use and agricultural trade: Estimating environmental and socio-economic impacts SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE virtual land use; agricultural trade; sustainability; developing countries; impact assessment ID ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT; FOOD-PRODUCTION; LIBERALIZATION; SUSTAINABILITY; INDICATORS; COUNTRIES; ECONOMICS; AUSTRIA; WATER; AREA AB Liberalization has caused an increase in the global trade of goods and services. In particular, the value and physical volume of agricultural goods traded have largely increased. As the environmental and social consequences of trade are complex, they are rarely included in the national and international agricultural policies. One reason is that there is a lack of concepts and methods for assessing the environmental and social impacts of trade policies. In this paper we develop a method for quantifying and assessing the land use hidden in the export and import of agricultural goods for the case of Switzerland. For our analysis we focus on arable crops. The first methodological step of our research illustrates the spatial relationship of Switzerland with countries all over the world through the import and export of land use for arable crops. The second step links this spatial dimension with a qualitative assessment of the environmental and socio-economic impacts of agicultural land use. We applied the method to the case of wheat cultivation within Switzerland and import to Switzerland. The major problem we were confronted with was the availability of data, which had both to be reliable and available for the countries wheat is imported from. The results show that the calculation of land use is credible. In spite of the problems related with data availability, the assessment results for each indicator are in agreement with the current situation in the respective countries. In addition, the aggregation seems to accurately reflect the countries' agricultural polices. The developed method is used to estimate the overall environmental and socio-economic impacts of an increase in wheat imports to Switzerland. We argue that this method could be applied for anticipating potential impacts of trade agreements. Still, further research is required for fine-tuning of the utility functions, including a weighting procedure in the aggregation procedure. For practical applications important aspects like water shortage should enlarge our limited set of indicators. In addition the average impact on a country level was assessed. To refine that, different agricultural systems ranging from intensive to extensive to organic should be considered. Beyond our scope was to analyze impacts due to other life cycle stages than the agricultural production. For informed decision, however, information on the whole life cycle of agricultural products is required. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 ETH Zentrum, Dept Environm Sci Nat & Social Sci Interface, HAD, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Koellner, T (reprint author), ETH Zentrum, Dept Environm Sci Nat & Social Sci Interface, HAD, Haldenbachstr 44, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. EM thomas.koellner@env.ethz.ch RI Koellner, Thomas/B-8286-2008; Binder, Claudia/A-4382-2008 OI Koellner, Thomas/0000-0001-5022-027X; CR Acton D. 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TI The USA's international trade in fish leather, from a conservation perspective SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE eels; hagfish; non-food fisheries; sharks; stingrays ID MYXINE-GLUTINOSA L; HAGFISH; MAINE; GULF AB This paper provides the first analysis of imports and exports of fish leather by the USA. Estimates of minimum levels of trade were obtained from the records of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for 1997-2001, and possible conservation consequences were considered. Data show that imported leather items used the skins of at least 51 types of fish. Of the 41 identified to species level, six were freshwater fish, eight diadromous and 27 were fully marine. Eels and hagfishes (marketed as 'eelskin'; eight named species), stingrays (10 named species) and sharks (15 named species) dominated the trade. An average of 725 000 fish-leather products, worth over US$ 6 million, was imported each year to the USA. A significant decline in fish leather imports over the five-year period studied derived largely from changes in 'eelskin' imports. Fish leather in the USA was reportedly sourced primarily from the Republic of Korea, mainland China and Thailand, although the records were flawed. About 93% of leather products were obtained from wild fish. Exports from the USA totalled approximately 5% of imports by volume. Many of the fish species comprising the largest imports for leather were characterized by low resilience to exploitation, with one-third of known species considered threatened or near threatened by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). This pilot assessment indicates the need for better record keeping if sustainability of fish exploitation for leather is to be evaluated. C1 Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Project Seahorse, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. Univ British Columbia, Dept Earth & Ocean Sci, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Project Seahorse, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP Vincent, ACJ (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Project Seahorse, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. 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Conserv. PD JUN PY 2006 VL 33 IS 2 BP 100 EP 108 DI 10.1017/S0376892906003092 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 087EO UT WOS:000240725800003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ims, KJ Jakobsen, OD AF Ims, Knut J. Jakobsen, Ove D. TI Cooperation and competition in the context of organic and mechanic worldviews - A theoretical and case based discussion SO JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 18th Annual Conference of the European-Business-Ethics-Network (EBEN) CY SEP 22-24, 2005 CL Bonn, GERMANY SP European Business Ethics Network DE collusion; competition; cooperation; fair trade; mechanistic worldview; organic worldview; sustainability ID DECISION-MAKING; BUSINESS AB In this study we argue that there is an interconnection between; the mechanistic worldview and competition, and the organic worldview and cooperation. To illustrate our main thesis we introduce two cases; first, Max Havelaar, a paradigmatic case of how business might function in an economy based upon solidarity and sustainability. Second, TINE, a Norwegian grocery corporation engaged in collusion in order to force a small competitor out of the market. On the one hand, in order to encourage market behaviour that integrates economic, societal and environmental values we find that transparent cooperation within a context of an organic worldview takes care of important intrinsic as well as instrumental values. On the other hand, we find evidence for asserting that cooperation based upon a mechanistic worldview, typically leads to group egotistical consequences undermining the long term common good. C1 Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. Bodo Grad Sch Business, N-8049 Bodo, Norway. RP Ims, KJ (reprint author), Norwegian Sch Econ & Business Adm, Hellevein 30, N-5045 Bergen, Norway. 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N., 1985, PROCESS REALITY Whitehead Alfred North, 1967, SCI MODERN WORLD Young C.W., 2000, CORPORATE ENV MANAGE NR 30 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 12 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4544 J9 J BUS ETHICS JI J. Bus. Ethics PD JUN PY 2006 VL 66 IS 1 BP 19 EP 32 DI 10.1007/s10551-006-9055-z PG 14 WC Business; Ethics SC Business & Economics; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 073GC UT WOS:000239730000004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU McDonald, S Oates, CJ Young, CW Hwang, K AF McDonald, S Oates, CJ Young, CW Hwang, K TI Toward sustainable consumption: Researching voluntary simplifiers SO PSYCHOLOGY & MARKETING LA English DT Article ID SELECT PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS; SIMPLICITY LIFE-STYLES; SOCIETAL CONSEQUENCES; CONSUMER; BEHAVIOR AB This article examines and extends the notion of voluntary simplifiers (VS). VS are individuals who have freely chosen a frugal, anticonsumer lifestyle that features low resource use and environmental impact. 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PD JUN PY 2006 VL 23 IS 6 BP 515 EP 534 DI 10.1002/mar.20132 PG 20 WC Business; Psychology, Applied SC Business & Economics; Psychology GA 043GA UT WOS:000237586800003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Chang, NB Parvathinathan, G Dyson, B AF Chang, Ni-Bin Parvathinathan, Gomathishankar Dyson, Brian TI Multi-objective risk assessment of freshwater inflow on ecosystem sustainability in San Antonio Bay, Texas SO WATER INTERNATIONAL LA English DT Article DE environmental flow; ecological systems; systems analysis; multi-objective programming; risk assessment; water resources management ID ESTUARIES; OPTIMIZATION; NEEDS AB San Antonio Bay is located on the coast of Texas between Galveston Bay and Corpus Christi Bay and is the primary bay in the Guadalupe Estuary. Three rivers feed San Antonio Bay from two river basins, including the Blanco and Guadalupe Rivers in the Guadalupe River Basin and the San Antonio River in the San Antonio River Basin. The Canyon Reservoir regulates the flow of fresh water in the middle and lower reaches of the Guadalupe River These inflows are a primary regulator of salinity and, thus,,the productivity of commercially important estuarine species. Increasing demand for water has prompted plans for an increased diversion of 49.3 million m(3) (40, 000 acre-feet) from the reservoir An additional amount of 61.6 million m(3) (50,000 acre-feet) from the mouth of the river is to be pumped back to, San Antonio to relieve over-pumping of the Edwards Aquifer. Because the Guadalupe River Basin contributes 58.1 percent of the freshwater inflow to the estuary, it is not known what the impact of these actions will have on the ecological integrity of the San Antonio Bay. Water resource management in the San Antonio Basin consists of decision making under risk and uncertainty related to randomness in the critical parameters such as the salinity in the bay, biological productivity, and total flow into the bay. The aim of this study is to investigate the trade-offs between the competing objectives of maximizing biological,productivity in the bay and minimizing flow using Stochastic Compromise Programming (SCP). The SCP model solves a multi-objective function subject to constraints that must be maintained at three different Prescribed levels of probability providing a global set of solutions for the water resource management problem under input uncertainty. The SCP model provides information on the trade-offs among the objective function value, tolerance values of the constraint at the prescribed levels of probability, which could be valuable to policy makers in risk assessment. Solutions were found using three distance functions. Model outputs may suggest the minimum amount of freshwater needed to maximize biological productivity of the bay at specified risk level for assessing the impact of upcoming diversion program. Results indicate that current flows in the Guadalupe River are of sufficient volume to satisfy harvest requirements. C1 Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. Texas A&M Univ, Dept Environm Engn, Kingsville, TX USA. RP Chang, NB (reprint author), Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. CR BAO YX, 1994, J WATER RES PL-ASCE, V120, P199, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9496(1994)120:2(199) BAO YX, 1992, THESIS U TEXAS AUSTI BAO YX, 1989, 892 U TEX AUST TEX W BROOKES B, 1992, WOMEN HIST, V2, P25 *GBRA, 2003, GUAD BLANC RIV AUTH *GRTU, 2001, GUAD RIV TROUT UNL HILDEBRAND H. H., 1953, TRANS AMER FISH SOC, V82, P151, DOI 10.1577/1548-8659(1952)82[151:CORWTT]2.0.CO;2 HILL T, 2002, ENGINEER GUADALUPE B HOLLIDAY FGT, 1972, MARINE HUNTLEY D, 2001, LAND OCEAN INTERACTI Hwang C. L., 1981, MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE D Hwang C.-L., 1981, MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE D Longley W.L., 1994, FRESHWATER INFLOWS T Loucks D. 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PD JUN PY 2006 VL 31 IS 2 BP 169 EP 182 DI 10.1080/02508060.2006.9709668 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Water Resources SC Engineering; Water Resources GA 090DU UT WOS:000240931600004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Bakken, AK Breland, TA Haraldsen, TK Aamlid, TS Sveistrup, TE AF Bakken, AK Breland, TA Haraldsen, TK Aamlid, TS Sveistrup, TE TI Soil fertility in three cropping systems after conversion from conventional to organic farming SO ACTA AGRICULTURAE SCANDINAVICA SECTION B-SOIL AND PLANT SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE biopores; crop rotation; earthworm; nutrient balance; soil porosity; soil structure; sustainability ID EARTHWORM CHANNELS; MANAGEMENT REGIMES; NUTRIENT BALANCES; NITROGEN; ECOLOGY; QUALITY; NORWAY; YIELD; CLAY AB Temporal changes in the scores of selected soil fertility indices were studied over six years in three different cases of organic crop rotation located in southern, eastern and central Norway. The cropping history and the initial scores of fertility indices prior to conversion to organic cropping differed between the sites. Crop yields, regarded as an overall, integrating fertility indicator, were in all rotations highly variable with few consistent temporal trends following the first year after conversion. On the site in eastern Norway, where conversion followed several years of all-arable crop rotations, earthworm number and biomass and soil physical properties improved, whereas the system was apparently degrading with regard to P and K trade balances and contents in soil. On the other two sites, the picture was less clear. On the southern site, which had a relatively fertile soil before conversion, the contents of soil organic matter and K decreased during the six-year period, but the scores of other fertility indices showed no trends. On the site in central Norway, there were positive trends for earthworm-related indices such as worm biomass and tubular biopores, and negative trends for soil porosity. The results, especially those from the eastern site, illustrate the general difficulty in drawing conclusions about overall fertility or sustainability when partial indicators show divergent trends. Consequently, the study gave no unambiguous support to the initial working hypothesis that organic farming increases inherent overall soil fertility, but rather showed that the effect varied among indicators and depended on status of the cases at conversion. It is concluded that indicators are probably better used as tools to learn about and improve system components than as absolute measures of sustainability. C1 Kvithamar Res Ctr, Norwegian Crop Res Inst, NO-7500 Stjordal, Norway. Norwegian Univ Life Sci, Dept Plant & Environm Sci, As, Norway. Norwegian Ctr Soil & Environm Res, As, Norway. 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PD MAY PY 2006 VL 56 IS 2 BP 81 EP 90 DI 10.1080/09064710510029150 PG 10 WC Agronomy; Soil Science SC Agriculture GA 044BD UT WOS:000237646200001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Hill, MJ Lesslie, R Donohue, R Houlder, P Holloway, J Smith, J Ritman, K AF Hill, MJ Lesslie, R Donohue, R Houlder, P Holloway, J Smith, J Ritman, K TI Multi-criteria assessment of tensions in resource use at continental scale: A proof of concept with Australian rangelands SO ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE grazing; biodiversity; productivity; environmental sensitivity; fire; mining ID ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS; ENVIRONMENTAL-CHANGE; TROPICAL SAVANNA; DECISION-MAKING; LAND-USE; MANAGEMENT; FIRE; DYNAMICS; CARBON; DEGRADATION AB The purpose of this study was to help to inform policy development for the Australian rangelands, and provide a proof of concept for application of a multi-criteria analysis approach to assessment of competing resource use at continental scale. The study aimed to identify and locate key natural resource and agricultural production assets in the rangelands, define a number of measures of potentially threatening processes, and use a multi-criteria approach to identify areas where threatening processes, agricultural production problems, or valuable natural resources coincided. The analysis used 35 readily available, continental spatial data layers at 5-km pixel resolution ranked from 1 (low) to 5 (high) under three themed groupings: natural resource base, production base, and threatening processes. These measures were aggregated into composite indicators to define attributes such as environmental sensitivity and total grazing pressure. The composites were then compared in a two-way analysis to explore particular interactions between threatening processes such as pastoralism and mining, and the condition of production and natural resource assets. These interactions were defined as "tensions" for purposes of this analysis. 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PD MAY PY 2006 VL 37 IS 5 BP 712 EP 731 DI 10.1007/s00267-004-0390-5 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 027NV UT WOS:000236423200011 PM 16508800 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ma, T Li, B Fang, C Zhao, B Luo, YQ Chen, JK AF Ma, Tao Li, Bo Fang, Changming Zhao, Bin Luo, Yiqi Chen, Jiakuan TI Analysis of physical flows in primary commodity trade: A case study in China SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING LA English DT Article DE physical flow; primary commodity trade; sustainable development; China ID INTERNATIONAL-TRADE; COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE; ECONOMIC-GROWTH; ENVIRONMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; FOOTPRINT; POLLUTION; POLICY AB How globalization and international trade affect sustainable development and environment has attracted worldwide attention. Associated with the import and export of primary commodities, ecologically important materials have been exchanged among regions and countries. China, having the largest population in the world and the highest economic growth rate in last decades, may have an important influence on global sustainable development through the trade of primary commodities. Using the data from Almanac of China's Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, we analyzed material flows in the trade of primary commodity in China from 1950 to 2001. Our analysis shows that: (1) China has turned from a net exporter of primary commodities to a net importer; (2) minerals and fuels have been the major imports of primary commodities since 1992, just as well as foods and minerals did in 1980s; (3) most of the net imported primary commodities come from Oceania, Africa and Latin America. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Fudan Univ, Inst Biodivers Sci, Minist Educ Key Lab Biodivers Sci & Ecol Engn, Shanghai 200433, Peoples R China. Univ Oklahoma, Dept Bot & Microbiol, Norman, OK 73019 USA. Anhui Univ, Sch Life Sci, Hefei 230039, Peoples R China. 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Conserv. Recycl. PD MAY PY 2006 VL 47 IS 1 BP 73 EP 81 DI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.10.004 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 042DM UT WOS:000237507700005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Tang, TC AF Tang, TC TI A new approach to examining the sustainability of external imbalances: the case of Japan SO APPLIED ECONOMICS LETTERS LA English DT Article ID UNIT-ROOT AB This study aims to solve the puzzle of the conventional practice of examining the sustainability of external accounts by initially looking for cointegration between imports and exports. This study proposes a new approach to examine this thesis using unit root tests ( with unknown break date) on trade balance series rather than testing the cointegration relationships between imports and exports. In contrast to previous findings, this study has shown empirically that Japan's trade balances are unsustainable. This finding has important policy implications for Japan's external accounts. C1 Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Business, Selangor 46150, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. RP Tang, TC (reprint author), Monash Univ Malaysia, Sch Business, 2 Jalan Kolej,Bandar Sunway, Selangor 46150, Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. EM tang.tuck.cheong@buseco.monash.edu.my RI Tang, Tuck Cheong/H-6636-2014 OI Tang, Tuck Cheong/0000-0001-7978-0684 CR ARIZE AC, 2002, INT REV ECON FINANC, V11, P101, DOI DOI 10.1016/S1059-0560(01)00101-0 Baharumshah Ahmad Zubaidi, 2003, J ASIAN EC, V14, P465 Bahmani-Oskooee M., 1994, J EC INTEGRATION, V4, P525 Bahmani-Oskooee M., 2003, J EC FINANCE, V27, P102 HUSTED S, 1992, REV ECON STAT, V74, P159, DOI 10.2307/2109554 Lanne M, 2002, J TIME SER ANAL, V23, P667, DOI 10.1111/1467-9892.00285 LAU E, 2003, SINGAP ECON REV, V48, P61 Saikkonen P, 2002, ECONOMET THEOR, V18, P313, DOI 10.1017/S0266466602182053 STOCK J, 1988, J AM STAT ASSOC, V83, P1091 TANG TC, 2002, INT J MANAGEMENT, V20, P88 ZIVOT E, 1992, J BUS ECON STAT, V10, P251, DOI 10.2307/1391541 NR 11 TC 6 Z9 6 U1 0 U2 2 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1350-4851 J9 APPL ECON LETT JI Appl. Econ. Lett. PD APR 15 PY 2006 VL 13 IS 5 BP 287 EP 292 DI 10.1080/13504850500378726 PG 6 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 037FI UT WOS:000237131700005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Tewari, DD AF Tewari, DD TI The effectiveness of state forest development corporations in India: an institutional analysis SO FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Sustainable Forest Management CY MAY 22-24, 2004 CL Toronto, CANADA DE community; forest development corporation; India; nontimber forest products; forest policy; sustainable forest management AB This article reviews the performance of various State Forest Development Corporations of India which have existed for around 25-30 years. It looks at various factors, both macro and micro, which explains why the Corporations performed dismally in the past. Micro variables are important at the local level whereas the macro variables shape the performance at the national level. At the micro level, several factors have affected the functioning of these organizations, including structural, Cultural, and organization-specific variables. At the macro level, technological, legal, political, and market-related phenomena have added pressure on them and impeded their performance. For example, legal control of trade in nontimber forest products has had very negative effect on the industry and in turn on the Corporations in general. As far as social welfare role is concerned, Corporations have done reasonably well and benefits of markets have been passed on to tribal collectors in terms of increased income and employment. The study uses a number of criteria for evaluation of Corporations which are grounded into the theory of instrumental rationality, including organizational performance, financial performance, resource extraction sustainability, social welfare, and dynamic capability. Using these criteria, most Corporations have performed sub-optimally and many are in a financial turmoil. Finally the article reviews various models of nontimber forest products management and concludes that in the Indian context there is a need for more decentralized type of management. It proposes promotion of community-managed systems of nontimber forest products with government Support as facilitator. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. Ali rights reserved. C1 Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Econ, Durban, South Africa. RP Tewari, DD (reprint author), Univ KwaZulu Natal, Sch Econ, Durban, South Africa. EM Tewari@ukzn.ac.za CR ADORNO T, 1944, DIALECTIC ENLIGHTMEN AGRAGAMEE, 1997, MANDIBISHI MAHILA MA Arnold H. 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C, 2003, 223 OV DEV I Schein E. H., 1992, ORG CULTURE LEADERSH SHIVA MP, 2002, APPROACHES SUSTAINAB Singh K., 1994, MANAGING COMMON POOL Teece D.J., 1994, IND CORP CHANGE, V3, P537, DOI DOI 10.1093/ICC/3.3.537-A Tewari D. D., 1995, Journal of Sustainable Forestry, V3, P53, DOI 10.1300/J091v03n01_04 Tewari D. D., 1994, Journal of World Forest Resource Management, V7, P151 Tewari DD., 1998, EC MANAGEMENT NONTIM TEWARI DD, 1996, UNASYLVA, V187, P26 TEWARI DD, 2003, ASSESSMENT EFFECTIVE THOMAS P, 2003, MANAGEMENT MINOR FOR, P362 Weber Max, 1978, EC SOC WELCH WP, 1983, POLICY SCI, V16, P165, DOI 10.1007/BF00138349 Williams R., 1998, PERFORMANCE MANAGEME WILSON JA, 1982, LAND ECON, V58, P418 2002, INT TRADE FORUM, V4, P11 NR 53 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-9341 J9 FOREST POLICY ECON JI Forest Policy Econ. PD APR PY 2006 VL 8 IS 3 BP 279 EP 300 DI 10.1016/j.forpol.2004.09.002 PG 22 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 041WU UT WOS:000237488100005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Liou, ML Yeh, SC Ling, YC Chen, CM AF Liou, ML Yeh, SC Ling, YC Chen, CM TI The need for strategic environmental assessment of fishery products regulations in the Taiwan Strait: Taking health perspectives of organochlorine pesticides in seafood as an example SO HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT International Conference on Environmental and Public Health Management CY NOV 17-19, 2004 CL Hong Kong Baptist Univ, Kowloon, PEOPLES R CHINA HO Hong Kong Baptist Univ DE Taiwan Strait; strategic environmental assessment; health impact assessment; persistent organic pollutants (POPs); seafood ID IMPACT ASSESSMENT; TEMPORAL TRENDS; CONSUMPTION; SEDIMENTS; AREAS; CHINA; FORMS AB This article proposes an integrated Health Impact Assessment/Strategic Environmental Assessment (HIA/SEA) framework that can be applied to fishery products regulations in Taiwan Strait. In recent years, many studies with regards to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), especially DDT and its derivatives, in Taiwan's environment and aquatic biota indicated that DDT, DDD, and DDE in seafood, especially oysters, in the Kinmen, Manchu area near China's Fu-Tzien Province, I-lad relatively high concentrations. It was discussed that this may be caused by distribution of OCPs in China's vicinity. In this study, the concentration of DDT, DDD, and DDE reported by many researchers in the last two decades were compared and analyzed. The concentrations of these three chemicals were found to be as high as hundreds of ng/g-dw in seafood produced in Kimmen and Machu near China, whereas those for seafood caught in Taiwan's coastal areas were not significant. The need for trade agreements or regulations on fishery was then discussed. According to the viewpoints of health and environmental sustainability, HIA methodologies were incorporated in the SEA to help identify and analyze the potential impacts on human health caused by OCPs in seafood consumed in Taiwan, which may be caused by the lack of trade regulation mechanisms between Taiwan and China. The integrated HIA-SEA framework for fishery trade agreements or regulations in Taiwan was thus proposed and. the procedures were discussed. It is anticipated that the health of Taiwan's residents can be protected through implementing this and the human health perspective can be emphasized in the HIA-SEA procedures. C1 Chinese Culture Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Conservat, Taipei 10663, Taiwan. Natl Kaohsiung Normal Univ, Grad Inst Environm Educ, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Chia Nan Univ Pharm & Sci, Dept Environm Engn & Hlth, Tainan, Taiwan. Natl Tsing Hua Univ, Dept Chem, Hsinchu, Taiwan. RP Liou, ML (reprint author), Chinese Culture Univ, Dept Forestry & Nat Conservat, 9F-3 100,Sect 2,Ho Ping E Rd, Taipei 10663, Taiwan. 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Ecol. Risk Assess. PD APR PY 2006 VL 12 IS 2 BP 390 EP 401 DI 10.1080/10807030500536827 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 035SR UT WOS:000237022500016 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Adams, MA Ghaly, AE AF Adams, M. A. Ghaly, A. E. TI An integral framework for sustainability assessment in agro-industries: application to the Costa Rican coffee industry SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sustainability; indicators; framework; eco-efficiency; agro-industry; coffee industry ID TRADE-OFFS; INDICATORS; POLICY AB The broad range of definitions for sustainability has led to the development of several sustainability evaluation frameworks that have emphasized facets of sustainability but have not encompassed all aspects found at the industry and regional level. The aim of this study was to address the broader issues of sustainability of agro-industrial systems. Rather than exclusively focusing on the environmental and social aspects of those economic activities that take place within the boundaries of industrial systems, it should be recognized that they belong to a broader system. The various types of sustainability are highlighted and current sustainability frameworks are evaluated. A comprehensive sustainability model that adequately takes into consideration the various types of sustainability within industrial systems was developed. The proposed framework considered indicators that provide descriptions of the systemic nature of industry and incorporates two-dimensional indicators instead of solely focusing on indicators that provide a one-dimensional, piecemeal evaluation of economics, environment, social and institutional sustainability. By evaluation of the boundaries of each arena, it provides comprehensive understanding of the system. The sustainability of the Costa Rican coffee industry within the context of the new framework is discussed. The framework presented integrates concepts such as industrial ecology and cleaner production, along with the more traditional EMS and social justice programmes, to promote sustainability. The development of employment and economic returns that benefit the local and regional systems through the generation of additional value-added products are promoted through the integration of eco-efficiency into the framework. C1 Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol Engn, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada. RP Ghaly, AE (reprint author), Dalhousie Univ, Dept Biol Engn, POB 1000, Halifax, NS B3J 2X4, Canada. EM Abdel.Ghaly@Dal.ca CR *ABCR, 2003, TECHN STAT DAT *APOT, 2003, TECHN STAT DAT Bell S., 2003, MEASURING SUSTAINABI BRADBURY J, 2002, IMPLEMENTING SUSTAIN DEGROOT I, 2002, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC Desimone L. 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PD APR PY 2006 VL 13 IS 2 BP 83 EP 102 DI 10.1080/13504500609469664 PG 20 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 104DA UT WOS:000241935000002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Martin-Smith, KM Vincent, ACJ AF Martin-Smith, KM Vincent, ACJ TI Exploitation and trade of Australian seahorses, pipehorses, sea dragons and pipefishes (Family Syngnathidae) SO ORYX LA English DT Article DE aquaculture; aquarium; bycatch; exports; imports; pipefish; pipehorse; sea dragon; Syngnathidae; traditional medicine. ID GROWTH AB Seahorses and their syngnathid relatives have provided a focus for efforts to ensure sustainable use of marine resources, with new international trade controls (CITES Appendix II) implemented in May 2004. We demonstrate how a study of international trade can be used to assess relative levels of threat and set domestic research and conservation priorities. Australia has remarkably high syngnathid biodiversity with at least 14 seahorse species, two endemic sea dragon species, and 90 species of pipefishes and pipehorses found in its territorial waters. Our objectives were to quantify species, trade routes, volumes, values and temporal trends in syngnathid trade to and from Australia. We found that Australia is probably the major global supplier of dried pipehorses Solegnathus spp.. These fishes, including at least one endemic species, are sourced from trawl bycatch and comprise Australia's largest syngnathid export, by both volume and value. Research is urgently needed to evaluate the impacts and sustainability of trawling on pipehorse populations. Australia is also the sole supplier of two sea dragon species, Phycodurus eques and Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, for the live aquarium trade. Although lucrative, the number of wild-caught individuals involved in this trade was relatively low and probably of low conservation risk relative to habitat loss. Exports of seahorses and other pipefish species, and imports of all syngnathid species, are minor on a global scale, although the burgeoning aquaculture industry for seahorses requires careful evaluation for its potential impacts on wild populations. C1 Univ Tasmania, Sch Zool, Project Seahorse, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Project Seahorse, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP Martin-Smith, KM (reprint author), Univ Tasmania, Sch Zool, Project Seahorse, Private Bag 05, Hobart, Tas 7001, Australia. 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Ravoahangimalala, Olga TI The economic importance of freshwater crayfish harvesting in Madagascar and the potential of community-based conservation to improve management SO ORYX LA English DT Article DE community-based natural resource management; crayfish; economic value; harvesting; Madagascar; non-timber forest product; sustainable exploitation; taboo ID TROPICAL FORESTS; RURAL APPRAISAL; FOOD SECURITY; NATIONAL-PARK; VALUATION; POVERTY; AFRICA; PEOPLE; COSTS; TOOL AB Madagascar's endemic freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae: Astacoides) are harvested by local people for both subsistence use and small-scale trade. There has been concern that populations, and even species, are threatened by overexploitation but little is known about the harvest or its economic importance. We studied crayfish exploitation in eastern Madagascar over 3 years. The existence of local taboos (lady) preventing commercial crayfish harvesting, as well as access to markets and forest, influenced involvement in the harvest. All four crayfish species found in the region were harvested, but A. granulimanus provided the majority of the catch. In one harvesting village more than 50% of the 47 households were directly involved in the harvest, which contributed USD 2,382 to the village economy in 2003/2004, an important sum in the context of local incomes. Subsistence use was widespread, particularly by children to whom it may provide an important protein source. Community-based conservation (through transfer of harvesting rights and responsibilities for forest management to local communities) is central to a new conservation paradigm in Madagascar. This recognizes communities' long term interest in their natural resources and offers an ideal opportunity for those concerned with the sustainability of the harvest to implement management tools (such as avoiding reproductive females, size limits and no-take zones). We discuss each tool with respect to biological implications and practical constraints. We note that community-based approaches may not be sufficient to conserve rarer species, which make up a small proportion of the value of the harvest. C1 Dept Zool, Conservat Biol Grp, Cambridge CB2 3AS, England. Vokatry Ny Ala, Fianarantsoa 301, Madagascar. Univ Wales, Sch Agr & Forest Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. Univ Antananarivo, Dept Biol Anim, Antananarivo 101, Madagascar. RP Jones, JPG (reprint author), Univ Wales, Sch Agr & Forest Sci, Bangor LL57 2UW, Gwynedd, Wales. 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This trade is demand driven, primarily by growing human populations, changing economies, and consumer preferences in developing countries. Different rates of population growth, economic growth, urbanisation, environmental sustainability, and technology transfer will determine which countries will reap the greatest benefits. Global trends in demand and supply for food, not terrorism, will drive the future of animal and public health service delivery. To benefit the greatest number of people and countries, animal and public health services should support policies that temper growing disparities among rich and poor countries, city and rural populations, and the sexes. Economic growth is critical to overcoming disparities between countries and best supported by integrated animal health, public health, labour, and foreign policies. 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PD APR PY 2006 VL 25 IS 1 BP 403 EP 419 DI 10.20506/rst.25.1.1669 PG 17 WC Veterinary Sciences SC Veterinary Sciences GA 050LH UT WOS:000238088400031 PM 16796064 OA Bronze DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Dyrmundsson, OR AF Dyrmundsson, OR TI Sustainability of sheep and goat production in North European countries - From the Arctic to the Alps SO SMALL RUMINANT RESEARCH LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 55th Annual Meeting of the European-Association-of-Animal-Production CY SEP 06, 2004 CL Bled, SLOVENIA SP Euopean Assoc Anim Product DE sheep; goats; production; sustainability; Northern Europe AB Sheep, and to a lesser extent goats, have contributed substantially to the grassland-based agricultural production in North European countries for centuries. Most of these countries are now members of the European Union and both EU policy and global trade negotiations with the World Trade Organization are bound to influence in many ways the future development of the present production systems. This paper will review briefly the present situation with special reference to the sheep meat sector. Sustainability of production will be analyzed and discussed in terms of several criteria such as economics and farm income, resource utilization, environmental impact, landscape conservation, marketing of local value-added products and the maintenance of the rural population. Attention will be paid to the influence of increased world trade and competition, as a result of WTO negotiations, and changes in the direction of support through EU policy reform (CAP), namely the decoupling of subsidies from production to sustainable development ("the green box"). Finally, the economic problems experienced by sheep and goat farmers in countries ranging from the Arctic to the Alps will be discussed in the face of these challenges. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Farmers Assoc Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. RP Dyrmundsson, OR (reprint author), Farmers Assoc Iceland, IS-107 Reykjavik, Iceland. EM ord@bondi.is CR ADALSTEINSSON S, 1981, SAUOKINDIN LANDIO PJ CONNOR J, 2003, COMMUNICATION CROSTON D, 2002, REV UK SHEEP SECTOR, P169 Cunningham EP, 2003, EAAP PUBLICATION, V108 DYRMUNDSSON OR, 2004, INTERNORDEN 28 HOT G *EAAP FAO, 2004, 10 WORKSH EUR NAT CO *EU COMM COMM, 2003, COMM AGR POL *FAO ILRI, 1999, FAO ILRI WORKSH HELD Flamant J. C., 1982, Livestock production in Europe. Perspectives and prospects, P163 Hodges J, 2005, LIVEST PROD SCI, V92, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.01.001 HODGES J, 2004, ACTA AGR SLOV S, V1, P37 *NAT SHEEP ASS, 1998, BRIT SHEEP *OECD, 2004, AN 200O CAP REF RINGDORFER F, 2003, P 54 ANN M EAAP COMM RYDER ML, 1983, SHEEP MAN, P846 SCHWEISFURTH KL, 2002, SUSTAINABLE AGR FOOD World Commission on Environment and Development Our Common Future, 1987, BRUNDTL REP WUEST RL, 2003, P 54 ANN M EAAP COMM, P307 NR 18 TC 20 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 17 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-4488 J9 SMALL RUMINANT RES JI Small Ruminant Res. PD APR PY 2006 VL 62 IS 3 BP 151 EP 157 DI 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2005.08.010 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 027IC UT WOS:000236407700002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ward, H AF Ward, H TI International linkages and environmental sustainability: The effectiveness of the regime network SO JOURNAL OF PEACE RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID POLLUTION-CONTROL; CIVIL-WAR; ORGANIZATIONS; INSTITUTIONS; COOPERATION; CENTRALITY; DEMOCRACY; CONFLICT; TRADE AB While the literature on environmental regime effectiveness has focused on particular regimes considered in isolation, the overall effects of the system of regimes are more relevant. First, regimes are connected because they often share institutional architecture, deal with different aspects of the same problem, frame issues using similar legal and policy principles, and are subject to attempts to coordinate across issues by groups of nations, NGOs and international agencies. Thus, the network of regimes has social capital that can be applied to particular issues. Second, owing to ecological interconnectedness, regimes can have both positive and negative side-effects on environmental issues that they do not explicitly deal with. Allowing for political interconnectedness using concepts drawn from social network theory and for ecological interconnectedness using broad measures of sustainability, this article argues that nations more central to the network of environmental regimes should score higher on measures of sustainability. This is because the social capital in the regime network can more easily be brought to bear on centrally placed nations to make them cooperate and because they are more likely to be aware of negative regime side-effects. Measures of network centrality do, indeed, positively impact on nations' performance on four sustainability indicators. 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Peace Res. PD MAR PY 2006 VL 43 IS 2 BP 149 EP 166 DI 10.1177/0022343306061545 PG 18 WC International Relations; Political Science SC International Relations; Government & Law GA 021HG UT WOS:000235973700002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Speelman, EN Astier, M Lopez-Ridaura, S Leffelaar, PA van Ittersum, MK AF Speelman, EN Astier, M Lopez-Ridaura, S Leffelaar, PA van Ittersum, MK TI Trade-off analysis for sustainability evaluation: a case study of the Purhepecha region, Mexico SO OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sustainability indicators; farming system; crop residue retention; technological innovation; APSIM ID FARMING SYSTEMS; AGRICULTURE; MODEL; SIMULATION; APSIM AB This paper describes the use and role of trade-off analysis as a decision-making tool in the implementation of new technologies and sustainability evaluation. As an example, soils in the Purhepecha region in Mexico have been eroding for decades and crop residue retention has been suggested as an effective method to reduce soil loss; but it is not widely implemented. The effect of crop residue retention on systems' sustainability indicators have been investigated using trade-off analysis. The system used by most farmers (35% crop residue retention with free-grazing) reduced soil loss substantially, led to self-sufficiency in forage and maximized net income. C1 Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Plant Sci, Plant Prod Syst Grp, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. Interdisciplinary Grp Appropriate Technol, GIRA AC, Agroecol Program, Patzcuaro 61609, Michoacan, Mexico. RP Speelman, EN (reprint author), Univ Wageningen & Res Ctr, Dept Plant Sci, Plant Prod Syst Grp, POB 430, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. EM erika.speelman@gmail.com; mastier@oikos.unam.mx; santiago.lopezridaura@rennes.inra.fr; peter.leffelaar@wur.nl; martin.vanittersum@wur.nl RI van Ittersum, Martin/J-8024-2014 OI van Ittersum, Martin/0000-0001-8611-6781; Astier, Marta/0000-0002-6620-2356 CR ASTIER M, 2004, LEISA REV AGROEOCOLO, P39 ASTIER M, 2002, THESIS U NACL AUTONO Astier M., 2000, SUSTENTABILIDAD SIST, P271 BARBIER B, 1996, 22 EPTD IFPRI DENT DL, 1993, NBSS LUP PUBLICATION, V42, P21 DESPOTAKIS VK, 1991, THESIS WAGENINGEN AG Eilers CHAM, 2004, OUTLOOK AGR, V33, P113, DOI 10.5367/000000004773973000 ELGERSMA A, 1999, GRASSLAND FORAGE SCI, P119 *FAO, 1993, DEV SER FAO, V1 Fresco L. 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PD MAR PY 2006 VL 35 IS 1 BP 57 EP 64 DI 10.5367/000000006776207609 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 028DF UT WOS:000236466400008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lecchini, D Polti, S Nakamura, Y Mosconi, P Tsuchiya, M Remoissenet, G Planes, S AF Lecchini, D Polti, S Nakamura, Y Mosconi, P Tsuchiya, M Remoissenet, G Planes, S TI New perspectives on aquarium fish trade SO FISHERIES SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE crest net; economic sustainability; fisheries; French Polynesia; larvae; management; marine ornamental fish ID CORAL-REEF FISH; FRENCH-POLYNESIA; MOOREA-ISLAND; COLONIZATION; RECRUITMENT AB Since the 1990s, the international market for importing aquarium fish is suspicious of stock coming from South-East Asia. Fish catches are still executed with cyanide-based toxic products. In the present paper, the potential of the French Polynesian Islands to develop a marine aquarium fish business with a new approach is explored. Coral reef fish are captured at the larval stage with crest nets, then larvae are reared in aquaria before being put on the world ornamental fish market. This approach offers several advantages: (i) larvae are captured with a passive system placed on the reef crest (crest net) that does not destroy the environment and limits the stress on collected larvae; (ii) larvae are then put into farmed basins that allow them to be controlled sanitarily; and (iii) larvae are weaned at the farm and fed rapidly with artificial food. This method increases survival rates as it eliminates the food acclimatization problem of fish captured at adult stage (main cause of fish mortality in aquaria). Overall, reared larvae will constitute a new product in terms of species, sizes and quality of ornamental fish on the aquarium market. C1 Univ Ryukyus, Lab Ecol & Systemat, Okinawa 9030213, Japan. CRIOBE, Moorea, Fr Polynesia. Aquarium Canet, F-66140 Canet En Roussillon, France. Serv Peche, Papeete, Tahiti, Fr Polynesia. Univ Perpignan, EPHE, CNRS, UMR 8046, F-66860 Perpignan, France. RP Lecchini, D (reprint author), Univ Ryukyus, Lab Ecol & Systemat, Okinawa 9030213, Japan. EM lecchini@Univ-perp.fr CR AUBANEL A, 1993, THESIS U BORDEAUX BO BARNABE G, 1996, ANN BIOL, V3, P162 BELSHER T, 1990, OCEANOL ACTA, V13, P513 BLASIOLA GC, 1988, REV FRANC AQUARIOL, V15, P126 CHAUVET C, 1996, ICLARM Q, V2, P37 Dempster R.P., 1974, Aquarium Digest int, V2, P21 Doherty Peter J., 2002, P327, DOI 10.1016/B978-012615185-5/50019-0 Doherty PJ, 2004, ECOLOGY, V85, P2422, DOI 10.1890/04-0366 DUFOUR V, 1993, MAR ECOL PROG SER, V102, P143, DOI 10.3354/meps102143 EDWARDS AJ, 1992, ENVIRON CONSERV, V19, P61, DOI 10.1017/S0376892900030265 *FAO, 1995, REV STAT WORLD FISH FORRESTER GE, 1995, OECOLOGIA, V103, P275, DOI 10.1007/BF00328615 Galzin Rene, 1993, Galaxea, V11, P73 HINGCO TG, 1991, ICLARM C P, V22, P249 Lecchini D, 2004, J FISH BIOL, V65, P1142, DOI 10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00493.x Lecchini D, 2003, CYBIUM, V27, P167 MCMANUS JW, 1997, CORAL REEFS, V16, P121 MIYASAKA A, 1991, HAWAII AQUARIUM FISH Polunin NVC, 1996, REEF FISHERIES ROMANS P, 1996, THESIS U CAEN CAEN Werner EE, 1988, SIZE STRUCTURED POPU, P61 NR 21 TC 32 Z9 33 U1 4 U2 45 PU JAPANESE SOC FISHERIES SCIENCE PI TOKYO PA C/O TOKYO UNIV FISHERIES, KONAN 4, MINATO, TOKYO, 108-8477, JAPAN SN 0919-9268 J9 FISHERIES SCI JI Fish. Sci. PD FEB PY 2006 VL 72 IS 1 BP 40 EP 47 DI 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2006.01114.x PG 8 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 022YV UT WOS:000236093000006 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Sharma, T Carmichael, J Klinkenberg, B AF Sharma, T Carmichael, J Klinkenberg, B TI Integrated modeling for exploring sustainable agriculture futures SO FUTURES LA English DT Article ID GIS AB Sustainable agriculture meets human needs for food, enhances the quality of life of people, protects the integrity of natural systems, and is economically profitable. Making a transition to agricultural sustainability involves difficult choices and an understanding of the complex trade-offs associated with different agricultural pathways. In this paper, we describe the development and application of a decision support tool-AgFutures-for exploring alternative futures for agricultural sustainability in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia. The main core of the model is simulation of future land-use changes in different scenarios and assessment of social, economic and environmental consequences under these scenarios. Evolution of land-use is simulated as a result of not only biophysical conditions but also as a result of human behaviour and choices, specifically related to lifestyle, agricultural management practices and institutional policies. Eight different scenarios are generated and compared for their impacts on sustainability in the Lower Mainland. AgFutures helps users to identify desirable future scenarios and the set of choices and trade-offs that they are willing to accept. Identification of these allows decision-makers-to-formulate policies that would lead to achieving the goals of sustainable agriculture. The novel aspect of this model lies in its design and methods, which represent a balance between the need for rigour and the need for a tool that can be used by a wide array of users. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Sharma, T (reprint author), Gulf Isl Natl Pk Reserve, 2220 Harbour Rd,Gulf Isl Natl Pk Reserve, Sidney, BC V8L 2P6, Canada. EM tara.sharma@pc.gc.ca CR BIGGS D, 1999, SUSTAINABILITY ISSUE CARMICHAEL J, 2003, GEORIGA BASIN QUEST CIESIN, 1995, THEM GUID INT ASS MO *EC, 2002, CAN BIRDS GREENH COE *FBMP, 1997, AGR SUST FRAS BAS JANKOWSKI P, 1995, INT J GEOGR INF SYST, V9, P251, DOI 10.1080/02693799508902036 MANSON SM, 2000, P 4 INT C INT GEOGR NRC (US National Research Council Policy Division Board on Sustainable Development), 1999, OUR COMM JOURN TRANS PEREIRA JMC, 1993, INT J GEOGR INF SYST, V7, P407, DOI 10.1080/02693799308901971 ROBINSON JB, 1990, FUTURES, V22, P820, DOI 10.1016/0016-3287(90)90018-D Saaty T. L, 1980, ANAL HIERARCHY PROCE SMITH B, 1998, PLANNING AGR PROVINC *STAT, 2001, CENS AGR Tansey J, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P97, DOI 10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00011-0 Toffoli T., 1987, CELLULAR AUTOMATA MA VanWynsberghe R, 2003, FUTURES, V35, P203, DOI 10.1016/S0016-3287(02)00054-X Veldkamp A, 2001, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V85, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00199-2 White R., 2000, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, V24, P383, DOI 10.1016/S0198-9715(00)00012-0 Wu FL, 1998, INT J GEOGR INF SCI, V12, P63, DOI 10.1080/136588198242012 Zebarth BJ, 1998, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V69, P99, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(98)00100-5 NR 20 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0016-3287 J9 FUTURES JI Futures PD FEB PY 2006 VL 38 IS 1 BP 93 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.futures.2005.04.006 PG 21 WC Economics; Regional & Urban Planning SC Business & Economics; Public Administration GA 998AC UT WOS:000234289200007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lewandowski, I Faaij, APC AF Lewandowski, I Faaij, APC TI Steps towards the development of a certification system for sustainable bio-energy trade SO BIOMASS & BIOENERGY LA English DT Article DE biomass trade; certification; sustainability criteria ID CROP PRODUCTION; INDICATORS; MANAGEMENT; BIOENERGY; COAST AB It is expected that international biomass trade will significantly increase in the coming years because of the possibly lower costs of imported biomass, the better supply security through diversification and the support by energy and climate policies of various countries. Concerns about potential negative effects of large-scale biomass production and export, like deforestation or the competition between food and biomass production, have led to the demand for sustainability criteria and certification systems that can control biomass trade. Because neither such criteria and indicator sets nor certification systems for sustainable biomass trade are yet available, the objective of this study is to generate information that can help to develop them. For these purposes, existing certification systems, sets of sustainability criteria or guidelines on environmental or social sound management of resources are analyzed with the purpose to learn about the requirements, contents and organizational set ups of a certification system for sustainable biomass trade. First, an inventory of existing systems was made; second, their structures were analyzed. Key finding from the analysis of internationally applied certification systems was that they are generally led by an international panel that represents all countries and stakeholders involved in the biomass production and trade activities. In third and fourth steps different approaches to formulate standards were described and a list of more than 100 social, economic, ecological and general criteria for sustainable biomass trade was extracted from the reviewed systems. Fifth, methods to formulate indicators, that make sustainability criteria measurable, and verifiers that are used to control the performance of indicators are described. It is recommended to further develop the criteria and indicator (C&I) sets for sustainable biomass trade by involvement of the relevant stakeholders (e.g. biomass producer and consumer) and the analysis of local conditions (e.g. local production potentials and limits, and preferences of local people). (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, Dept Sci Technol & Soc STS, NL-3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands. RP Lewandowski, I (reprint author), Univ Utrecht, Copernicus Inst Sustainable Dev & Innovat, Dept Sci Technol & Soc STS, Heidelberglaan 2, NL-3584 CS Utrecht, Netherlands. EM I.lewandowski@chem.uu.nl RI Faaij, Andre/E-8424-2014 OI Lewandowski, Iris/0000-0002-0388-4521 CR ALAKANGAS E, 2002, EUBIONET BIOMASS TRA, P12 Anderson MD, 1996, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V60, P97, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(96)01097-3 ARKANGAS E, 2002, P 12 EUR C BIOM EN I, P62 Berndes G, 2002, GLOBAL ENVIRON CHANG, V12, P253, DOI 10.1016/S0959-3780(02)00040-7 Bruinsma J., 2003, WORLD AGR 2015 2030 *CEC, 1997, COM97599 CEC CEC, 2000, COM2000769 CEC Center for International Forestry Research, 1999, CIFOR CRIT IND GEN T Christen O, 1996, BER LANDWIRTSCH, V74, P66 *CIFOR, 2004, CRIT IND TOOLB SER COSSALTER C., 2003, FAST WOOD FORESTRY M *CREM, 2002, 12604 CREM *CREM, 2000, ASS INSTR BIOD IMP P DELANGE T, 2003, COMMUNICATION *DTSCH BUND, 1996, BURGERLICHES GESETZB, V1, P1382 ERICSSON K, 2004, BIOMASS BIOENERG, V26, P2020 Escobal J, 2000, AGR ECON, V23, P267, DOI 10.1016/S0169-5150(00)00088-8 *EUGENE, STAND GREEN EL LAB EurepGAP, 2004, CONTR POINTS COMPL C Faaij APC, 2006, ENERG POLICY, V34, P322, DOI 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.03.026 Faaij APC, 2002, 12 EUR C TECHN EXH B FAAIJ APC, 2003, 2GAVE0306 U UTR VR U *FAIRTR, 2004, FAIRTR *FAIRTR, 2001, GEN FAIRTR STAND SMA *FARRE, 2001, COMM COD INT FARM *FERN, 2001, LOG ENV SOC ASS FOR Forsberg G, 2000, BIOMASS BIOENERG, V19, P17, DOI 10.1016/S0961-9534(00)00020-9 *FSC, 2005, POL STAND FSC PRINC *FSC, 2004, FSC GUID SAMPL MULT *FSC, 2003, SOC STRAT GUILD IMPL Hamelinck C, 2003, INT BIOENERGY TRANSP HAMELYNCK B, 2003, DUURZAAMHEIDSAFSPRAK Hauselmann Pierre, 2001, PEFC ANAL *IFC, 1998, ENV HLTH SAF GUID PL *IFOAM II, 2002, IFOAM BAS STAND ORG *IKEA, 2001, ENV SOC ISS IPCC, 2000, LAND US LAND US CHAN *ISO, 2004, AR ISO STAND DEV Kaimowitz D, 1999, WORLD DEV, V27, P505, DOI 10.1016/S0305-750X(98)00146-6 Lewandowski I, 1999, CROP SCI, V39, P184, DOI 10.2135/cropsci1999.0011183X003900010029x LEWANDOWSKI I, 2003, NWSE200314 U UTR COP Manhoudt AGE, 2002, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V65, P269, DOI 10.1006/jema.2002.0548 Mendoza GA, 2000, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V131, P107, DOI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00204-2 Merkle A, 2000, ECOL MODEL, V130, P39, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00213-1 Muhtaman D.R., 2000, CRITERIA INDICATORS OECD, 1997, ENV IND AGR OECD, 1993, OECD COR SET IND ENV POULSEN J, 2001, C I SUSTAINABLE DEV Rametsteiner E, 2003, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V67, P87, DOI 10.1016/S0301-4797(02)00191-3 RISBERG S, 2003, INT DEBATE INT BIOEN Ritchie B., 2000, CRITERIA INDICATORS SAHN DE, 1990, WORLD DEV, V18, P1635, DOI 10.1016/0305-750X(90)90060-B *SAN, SUST AGR NETW GEN CO *SAN, 2004, UST AGR NETW STAND SMEETS E, 2005, IN PRESS P 14 EUR BI *SUST LIV UN UNDP, 1999, IND SUST LIV PREL WO SUURS R, 2002, NWSE200201 U UTR DEP *UN, 2002, GROW FUT II UN SUST *UNCED, 1992, UN C ENV DEV *UNCSD, 1996, UN SUST DEV IND SUST *UTR CTR EN RES, 2000, BESCH BIOM EN OPW *UTZ KAPEH, 2003, COFF COD CONTR POINT VANVLIET O, 2002, EXANTE ASSESSMENT CA VANWEERELD A, 2003, DERDE JAARLIJKSE FAI VESTERINEN E, 2002, WORKSH BIOM TRAD EUR NR 65 TC 92 Z9 93 U1 0 U2 12 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0961-9534 J9 BIOMASS BIOENERG JI Biomass Bioenerg. PY 2006 VL 30 IS 2 BP 83 EP 104 DI 10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.11.003 PG 22 WC Agricultural Engineering; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels SC Agriculture; Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology; Energy & Fuels GA 012BA UT WOS:000235312000001 OA Green Published DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wiedmann, T Minx, J Barrett, J Wackernagel, M AF Wiedmann, T Minx, J Barrett, J Wackernagel, M TI Allocating ecological footprints to final consumption categories with input-output analysis SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ecological footprint; input-output analysis; comparability; allocation method; household expenditure; sustainable consumption ID INTERNATIONAL-TRADE ACTIVITIES; LAND APPROPRIATION; TIME-SERIES; SUSTAINABILITY; ASSESSMENTS; INVENTORIES; INDICATORS; EMISSIONS; AUSTRIA; IMPACTS AB We present and discuss a method that allows the disaggregation of national Ecological Footprints by economic sector, detailed final demand category, sub-national area or socio-economic group. This is done by combining existing National Footprint Accounts with input-output analysis. Calculations in the empirical part are carried out by using supply and use tables for the United Kingdom, covering the reporting period 2000. Ecological Footprints are allocated to detailed household consumption activities following the COICOP classification system and to a detailed breakdown of capital investment. The method presented enables the calculation of comparable Ecological Footprints on all sub-national levels and for different socio-economic groups. The novelty of the approach lies in the use of input-output analysis to re-allocate existing Footprint accounts, in the detail of disaggregation by consumption category and in the expanded use of household expenditure data. This extends the potential for applications of the Ecological Footprint concept and helps to inform scenarios, policies and strategies on sustainable consumption. The method described in this paper can be applied to every country for which a National Footprint Account exists and where appropriate economic and environmental accounts are available. The approach helps to save time in data collection and improves the consistency between Ecological Footprint estimates for a particular human society from different researchers. For these reasons, the suggested methodology includes crucial steps on the way towards a standardisation of Ecological Footprint accounts. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ York, Stockholm Environm Inst, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Univ York, Dept Environm, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. Global Footprint Network, Oakland, CA 94610 USA. RP Wiedmann, T (reprint author), Univ York, Stockholm Environm Inst, York YO10 5DD, N Yorkshire, England. EM tw13@york.ac.uk RI Wiedmann, Thomas/C-9158-2011 OI Wiedmann, Thomas/0000-0002-6395-8887; Minx, Jan Christoph/0000-0002-2862-0178 CR Aall C, 2005, LOCAL ENVIRON, V10, P159, DOI 10.1080/1354983052000330752 Ahmad N., 2003, DSTIDOC200315 OECD, V15, P2003 ALLEN RIG, 1975, ESTIMATING PROJECTIN Ayres RU, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P347 Bacharach M., 1970, BIPROPORTIONAL MATRI Barrett J., 2003, LOCAL ENVIRON, V8, P167, DOI DOI 10.1080/1354983032000048488 Barrett J., 2001, IMPACT ASSESS PROJ A, V19, P107 BARRETT J, 2005, REDUCING WALES ECOLO BETTS JR, 1989, ECON LETT, V30, P151, DOI 10.1016/0165-1765(89)90053-0 Bicknell KB, 1998, ECOL ECON, V27, P149, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00136-5 BIRCH R, 2004, INT WORKSH SUST CONS Bruhns HR, 2000, ENVIRON PLANN B, V27, P641, DOI 10.1068/bst08 *DEFRA, 2004, MUN WAST MAN SURV 20 DEFRA & DTI, 2003, CHANG PATT UK GOV FR *DIT, 2004, EN TRENDS REG LOC GA, P18 Dorfman R, 1958, LINEAR PROGRAMMING E *DTLR, 1999, DTLR STAT B, V16 *ENV WAIK, 2003, REG EC FOOTPR EPA Victoria, 2003, EPA VICT EC Erb KH, 2004, LAND USE POLICY, V21, P247, DOI 10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.10.010 Ferng JJ, 2002, ECOL ECON, V40, P53, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00270-1 Ferng JJ, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P159, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00292-5 FURUKAWA S, 1986, IDE OCCASIONAL PAPER, V21 *GFN, 2004, CHART GLOB FOOTPR NE *GFN, 2004, NAT FOOTPR BIOC ACC Gigantes T., 1970, CONTRIBUTIONS INPUT Giljum S., 2004, ECON SYST RES, V16, P301, DOI [10.1080/0953531042000239383, DOI 10.1080/0953531042000239383] Haberl H, 2004, LAND USE POLICY, V21, P193, DOI 10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.10.004 Hendrickson C, 1998, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V32, p184A, DOI 10.1021/es983471i Herendeen RA, 2000, ECOL ECON, V32, P357 HINTERBERGER F, 2003, WORKSH QUO VAD MFA W Hubacek K, 2003, ECOL ECON, V44, P137, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00257-4 Hubacek K., 2001, STRUCTURAL CHANGE EC, V12, P367, DOI DOI 10.1016/50954-349X(01)00029-7 JAMES N, 2003, ONE PLANET LIVING TH JOSHI S, 1999, J IND ECOL, V3, P95, DOI DOI 10.1162/108819899569449 Lenzen M., 2003, Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, V14, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0954-349X(02)00025-5 Lenzen M, 2002, J CLEAN PROD, V10, P545, DOI 10.1016/S0959-6526(02)00007-0 Lenzen M, 2002, ENERG ECON, V24, P377, DOI 10.1016/S0140-9883(02)00007-5 Lenzen M, 2001, ECOL ECON, V37, P229, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(00)00275-5 Lenzen M., 2001, ECON SYST RES, V13, P65, DOI DOI 10.1080/09535310120026256 Lenzen M, 2003, 0103 ISA U SYDN Lenzen M., 2004, ECON SYST RES, V16, P391, DOI DOI 10.1080/0953531042000304272 LENZEN M, 2005, ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT LEONTIEF W, 1970, REV ECON STAT, V52, P262, DOI 10.2307/1926294 LEWAN L, 2001, USE ECOLOGICAL FOOTP LEWNEY R, 2004, COMMUNICATION McDonald G., 2003, ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT McDonald GW, 2004, ECOL ECON, V50, P49, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.008 McGregor P. 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PD JAN 1 PY 2006 VL 56 IS 1 BP 28 EP 48 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.05.012 PG 21 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 014XF UT WOS:000235513100003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wiggering, H Dalchow, C Glemnitz, M Helming, K Muller, K Schultz, A Stachow, U Zander, P AF Wiggering, H Dalchow, C Glemnitz, M Helming, K Muller, K Schultz, A Stachow, U Zander, P TI Indicators for multifunctional land use - Linking socio-economic requirements with landscape potentials SO ECOLOGICAL INDICATORS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on Theoretical Fundamentals of Consistent Applications in Environmental Management CY SEP, 2003 CL Villa Vigoni, ITALY DE indicator for sustainable land development; multifunctional land use; agricultural production schemes; joint production; production possibility curve; social utility ID SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AB Indicators to assess sustainable land development often focus on either economic or ecologic aspects of landscape use. The concept of multifunctional land use helps merging those two focuses by emphasising on the rule that economic action is per se accompanied by ecological utility: commodity outputs (CO, e.g., yields) are paid for on the market, but non-commodity outputs (NCO, e.g., landscape aesthetics) so far are public goods with no markets. Agricultural production schemes often provided both outputs by joint production, but with technical progress under prevailing economic pressure, joint production increasingly vanishes by decoupling of commodity from non-commodity production. Simultaneously, by public and political awareness of these shortcomings, there appears a societal need or even demand for some non-commodity outputs of land use, which induces a market potential, and thus, shift towards the status of a commodity outputs. An approach is presented to merge both types of output by defining an indicator of social utility (SUMLU): production schemes are considered with respect to social utility of both commodity and non-commodity outputs. Social utility in this sense includes environmental and economic services as long as society expresses a demand for them. For each combination of parameters at specific frame conditions (e.g., soil and climate properties of a landscape) a production possibility curve can reflect trade-offs between commodity and non-commodity outputs. On each production possibility curve a welfare optimum can be identified expressing the highest achievable value of social utility as a trade-off between CO and NCO production. When applying more parameters, a cluster of welfare optimums is generated. Those clusters can be used for assessing production schemes with respect to sustainable land development. Examples of production possibility functions are given on easy applicable parameters (nitrogen leaching versus gross margin) and on more complex ones (biotic integrity). Social utility, thus allows to evaluate sustainability of land development in a cross-sectoral approach with respect to multifunctionality. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Leibniz Ctr Agr Landscape Res ZALF, D-15384 Muncheberg, Germany. Univ Potsdam, Fac Math & Sci, Inst Geoecol, D-14415 Potsdam, Germany. Humboldt Univ, Fac Agr & Hort, Inst Agr Econ & Social Sci, D-10099 Berlin, Germany. Univ Appl Sci Eberswalde, Fac Forestry, D-16225 Eberswalde, Germany. RP Wiggering, H (reprint author), Leibniz Ctr Agr Landscape Res ZALF, Eberswalder Str 84, D-15384 Muncheberg, Germany. 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PD JAN PY 2006 VL 6 IS 1 BP 238 EP 249 DI 10.1016/j.ecolind.2005.08.014 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 018WU UT WOS:000235796300019 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Emmett, B AF Emmett, B TI Perspectives on sustainable development and sustainability in the Canadian forest sector SO FORESTRY CHRONICLE LA English DT Article DE sustainable development; natural resources; limits; forest sector; commodities; innovation AB Decisions made about forest resources are increasingly dominated by concerns about limits, trade-offs, and diminishing returns from commodities. By focusing on sustainable development and the transformative power of human ingenuity, forest resources we need not regard as finite. The value of sustainable development lies in its power to place scientific and technical innovation into a dynamic framework relevant to those making policy and management decisions. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E4, Canada. RP Emmett, B (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, 580 Booth St, Ottawa, ON K1A 0E4, Canada. EM brian.emmett@nrcan-rncan.gc.ca CR Bruntland G. H., 1987, OUR COMMON FUTURE Cohen D. H., 2001, FOREST CHRON, V78, P108 Frazier JG, 1997, ENVIRON CONSERV, V24, P182, DOI 10.1017/S0376892997000246 HUMBER CJ, 1998, VISIONARIES CANADIAN McCool SF, 2004, ENVIRON MANAGE, V33, P294, DOI 10.1007/s00267-003-0084-4 Meadows DH, 1972, LIMITS GROWTH *NAT FOR STRAT COA, 2003, NAT FOR STRAT 2003 2 Odling-Smee L, 2005, NATURE, V437, P614, DOI 10.1038/437614a NR 8 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 2 PU CANADIAN INST FORESTRY PI OTTAWA PA 151 SLATER ST, STE 606, OTTAWA, ONTARIO K1P 5H3, CANADA SN 0015-7546 J9 FOREST CHRON JI For. Chron. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 82 IS 1 BP 40 EP 43 DI 10.5558/tfc82040-1 PG 4 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 024QV UT WOS:000236212000030 OA Bronze DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Yang, H Wang, L Abbaspour, KC Zehnder, AJB AF Yang, H. Wang, L. Abbaspour, K. C. Zehnder, A. J. B. TI Virtual water trade: an assessment of water use efficiency in the international food trade SO HYDROLOGY AND EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCES LA English DT Article ID RESOURCES; COUNTRIES; SCARCITY; SECURITY AB Amid an increasing water scarcity in many parts of the world, virtual water trade as both a policy instrument and practical means to balance the local, national and global water budget has received much attention in recent years. Building upon the knowledge of virtual water accounting in the literature, this study assesses the efficiency of water use embodied in the international food trade from the perspectives of exporting and importing countries and at the global and country levels. The investigation reveals that the virtual water flows primarily from countries of high crop water productivity to countries of low crop water productivity, generating a global saving in water use. Meanwhile, the total virtual water trade is dominated by green virtual water, which constitutes a low opportunity cost of water use as opposed to blue virtual water. A sensitivity analysis, however, suggests high uncertainties in the virtual water accounting and the estimation of the scale of water saving. The study also raises awareness of the limited effect of water scarcity on the global virtual water trade and the negative implications of the global water saving for the water use efficiency and food security in importing countries and the environment in exporting countries. The analysis shows the complexity in evaluating the efficiency gains in the international virtual water trade. The findings of the study, nevertheless, call for a greater emphasis on rainfed agriculture to improve the global food security and environmental sustainability. C1 Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. ETH Zentrum, Board Swiss Fed Inst Technol, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland. RP Yang, H (reprint author), Swiss Fed Inst Environm Sci & Technol, Ueberlandstr 133, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland. 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W., 2002, WORLD WATER FOOD 202 Sakthivadivel R., 1998, 20 INT WAT MAN I Savenije HHG, 2000, PHYS CHEM EARTH PT B, V25, P199, DOI 10.1016/S1464-1909(00)00004-6 SECKLER D, 1998, 19 WORLD WAT DEM SUP Shaffer ER, 2004, INT J HEALTH SERV, V34, P467, DOI 10.2190/FB79-G25U-DWGK-C3QK *UN STAT DIV, 2004, COMM TRAD STAT DAT B *USDA, 2003, CENS AGR Wichelns D, 2001, AGR WATER MANAGE, V49, P131, DOI 10.1016/S0378-3774(00)00134-7 Wurtenberger L, 2006, ECOL ECON, V57, P679, DOI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.06.004 Yang H, 2003, ENVIRON SCI TECHNOL, V37, P3048, DOI 10.1021/es0263689 Yang H, 2002, WORLD DEV, V30, P1413, DOI 10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00047-5 YANG H, 2002, GAIA, P267 Zehnder AJB, 2003, AQUAT SCI, V65, P1, DOI 10.1007/s000270300000 ZIMMER D, 2003, RES REP SER, V12 NR 35 TC 125 Z9 126 U1 2 U2 51 PU EUROPEAN GEOSCIENCES UNION PI KATLENBURG-LINDAU PA MAX-PLANCK-STR 13, 37191 KATLENBURG-LINDAU, GERMANY SN 1027-5606 J9 HYDROL EARTH SYST SC JI Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. PY 2006 VL 10 IS 3 BP 443 EP 454 DI 10.5194/hess-10-443-2006 PG 12 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Water Resources SC Geology; Water Resources GA 073GB UT WOS:000239729900010 OA DOAJ Gold DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Byggeth, S Hochschorner, E AF Byggeth, Sophie Hochschorner, Elisabeth TI Handling trade-offs in ecodesign tools for sustainable product development and procurement SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE ecodesign tools; trade-off; product development; purchasing; procurement; sustainability; sustainable development AB Trade-off situations often occur in the product development and procurement processes when alternative solutions emphasize different aspects that have to be balanced against each other. Ecodesign tools can be used in both product development and purchasing, for example to prescribe design alternatives, assess environmental impacts or to compare environmental improvement alternatives. However, it is not always clear what should be chosen in trade-off situations. In this study, 15 different Ecodesign tools were analyzed to ascertain whether a valuation is included in the tools, in what way the tools give support in different types of trade-off situations and whether the tools provide support from a sustainability perspective. Nine of the 15 tools analyzed included a valuation and were able to provide support in a trade-off situation, but the support was not sufficient. The valuation should include a life cycle perspective and a framework for sustainability. Otherwise, it can lead to strategically incorrect decisions from a sustainability perspective with concomitant risks of sub-optimized investment paths and blind alleys. However, all the analyzed tools can be complemented with other tools and methods based on strategic planning towards sustainability in order to include a framework for sustainability. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Blekinge Inst Technol, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, SE-37179 Karlskrona, Sweden. Royal Inst Technol, Ctr Environm Strategies Res, SE-10044 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Byggeth, S (reprint author), Blekinge Inst Technol, Sch Engn, Dept Mech Engn, SE-37179 Karlskrona, Sweden. EM sophie.byggeth@bth.se; elisabeth.hochschorner@infra.kth.se OI Hallstedt, Sophie/0000-0002-7382-1825 CR Brezet H., 1997, PROMISING APPROACH S BROMAN G, 2000, INT J I MANAG SCI OP Commission for Environmental Cooperation, 1999, SUPP GREEN MARK ENV DECALUWE N, 1997, ECOTOOLS MANUAL COMP Dreborg K.H., 2004, THESIS ROYAL I TECHN Dreborg KH, 1996, FUTURES, V28, P813, DOI 10.1016/S0016-3287(96)00044-4 Graedel T.E., 1995, IND ECOLOGY Hochschorner E, 2003, INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS, V8, P119, DOI 10.1065/lca2003.04.114 Holmberg J, 1996, INT S ECOL ECON SER, P17 JAKOBSEN K, 1989, INTERRELATION PRODUC Karlsson M., 1997, THESIS LUND U LAGERSTEDT J, 2002, CIRP LIF CYCL SEM Lehmann S. E., 1993, UMWELT CONTROLLING M LUTTROPP C, 2001, 2 INT S ENV CONSC DE MEINDERS H, 1997, PIONT NO RETURN NORDKIL T, 1998, VOLVOS GRA LISTA VOL Nordkil T., 1998, VOLVOS VITA LISTA VO NORDKIL T, 1998, VOLVOS SVARTA LISTA NY H, IN PRESS J IND ECOL Organization I. S, 1997, 14040 ISO POMMER K, 2001, HANDBOG MILJOVURDERI, P58 RITZEN S, 2000, THESIS KTH STOCKHOLM Robert Karl-Henrik, 2000, J CLEAN PROD, V8, P243, DOI [DOI 10.1016/S0959-6526(00)00011-1, 10.1016/S0959-6526(00)00011-1] Robert KH, 2002, J CLEAN PROD, V10, P197, DOI 10.1016/S0959-6526(01)00061-0 SCHMIDTBLEEK F, 1998, OKODESIGN PRODUKT DI TISCHNER U, 2000, DE ECODESIGN GUIDE E Ullman D. G, 1992, MECH DESIGN PROCESS van Weenen H., 1997, DESIGN SUSTAINABLE D VANHEMEL CG, 1997, J SUST PROD DES, P7 Wenzel H, 1997, ENV ASSESSMENT PRODU, V1, P543 NR 30 TC 143 Z9 147 U1 1 U2 41 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0959-6526 J9 J CLEAN PROD JI J. Clean Prod. PY 2006 VL 14 IS 15-16 SI SI BP 1420 EP 1430 DI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2005.03.024 PG 11 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 081DX UT WOS:000240298500014 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Juliani, HR Koroch, A Simon, JE Hitimana, N Daka, A Ranarivelo, L Langenhoven, P AF Juliani, H. Rodolfo Koroch, Adolfina Simon, James E. Hitimana, Nicholas Daka, Angel Ranarivelo, Lalasoa Langenhoven, Petrus TI Quality of geranium oils (Pelargonium species): Case studies in southern and eastern Africa SO JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Pelargonium sp; Geraniaceae; geranium; essential oil composition; citronellol; geraniol; linalool; organoleptic profile; germplasm ID DISTILLATION AB As several sub-Saharan African countries are entering into the commercial production of geranium essential oils, this work sought to characterize the oil quality of Pelargonium sp. based on organoleptic, physicochemical and chemical properties from different Southern and East African countries to highlight the importance of germplasm selection in the commercial production of oils and to develop base-line yield information. In 2002, Rwanda began to rebuild their essential oil industry, and locally available Pelargonium cultivars were introduced into cultivation trials. The organoleptic evaluation and chemical profile (citronellol 13%, linalool 18% and geraniol 35%) showed that these oils were not suitable for international markets, but may have an important role in domestic markets. In an effort to upgrade the essential oil industry to higher standards, new geranium plantlets of the Bourbon type were obtained from South Africa and distributed to several sites in Southern and Eastern Africa. The newly introduced cultivar yielded essential oils with a suitable organoleptic and chemical profile (citronellol 31%, linalool 3% and geraniol 7%). In Zambia, a commercial grower was also producing geranium oils that were later deemed not suitable for international markets. While in Madagascar, a country with a long history of producing geranium in small land units by many small-scale commercial farmers, those samples analyzed in this study were found to produce high quality oil similar to the Bourbon type. These results clearly demonstrate that the selection and introduction of a specific strain or chemotype with the acceptable organoleptic and chemical profiles are among the key factors needed to obtain high quality essential oils that will meet international expectations and standards, prerequisites for the successful establishment and sustainability of an essential oil targeted for the global trade. C1 Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Biol, New Use Agr & Nat Plant Prod Program, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. ASNAPP Rwanda & Ikirezi Nat Prod, Kigali, Rwanda. ASNAPP Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. Natl Ctr Applicat Pharmaceut Res, Antananarivo, Madagascar. Univ Stellenbosch, ASNAPP S Africa, ZA-7601 Dennesig, South Africa. RP Simon, JE (reprint author), Rutgers State Univ, Cook Coll, Dept Plant Biol, New Use Agr & Nat Plant Prod Program, 59 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA. EM jesimon@aesop.rutgers.edu CR Adams R. P., 1995, IDENTIFICATION ESSEN Babu KGD, 2005, FLAVOUR FRAG J, V20, P222, DOI 10.1002/ffj.1414 Committee on Food Chemicals Codex, 1996, FOOD CHEM COD Gauvin A, 2004, FLAVOUR FRAG J, V19, P455, DOI 10.1002/ffj.1354 GUENTHER E, 1950, ESSENTIALS OILS, V4 Juliani HR, 2004, FLAVOUR FRAG J, V19, P541, DOI 10.1002/ffj.1341 JULIANI HR, 2005, COMPREHENSIVE QUALIT LAWRENCE BM, 1989, ESSENTIAL OILS 1981 NTEZURUBANZA L, 2000, HULLES ESSENTIELLES Ram P, 2005, FLAVOUR FRAG J, V20, P666, DOI 10.1002/ffj.1544 Rao BRR, 2005, J ESSENT OIL RES, V17, P41 Rao BRR, 2002, BIORESOURCE TECHNOL, V84, P243, DOI 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00057-3 RAO RB, 2001, J ESSENT OIL RES, V13, P456 RAO RB, 1997, FLAVOUR FRAG J, V12, P210 1998, COMMERICIALIZATION B, V14 2006, ISO4731E NR 16 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 0 U2 3 PU ALLURED PUBL CORP PI CAROL STREAM PA 362 S SCHMALE RD, CAROL STREAM, IL 60188-2787 USA SN 1041-2905 J9 J ESSENT OIL RES JI J. Essent. Oil Res. PY 2006 VL 18 SI SI BP 116 EP 121 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 072YE UT WOS:000239708300021 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Kirner, L Kratochvil, R AF Kirner, Leopold Kratochvil, Ruth TI The role of farm size in the sustainability of dairy farming in Austria: An empirical approach based on farm accounting data SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sustainable agriculture; dairy farming; farm size; indicators ID AGRICULTURE AB This contribution examines the extent to which farm size affects the sustain ability of dairy farms in Austria. Correlations between sustainability indicators and farm size are calculated on data from accounts Voluntarily provided by a network of farms. The results show that in large farms income from agriculture and forestry per unpaid family work unit was higher and the proportion of direct payments in income was lower. Smaller farms, on the other hand, tend to exhibit a higher proportion of diversification and generally contribute more to the regional economy. Moreover, smaller farms tend to provide greater environmental services than larger ones per unit agricultural area. Note, however, that larger farms show higher values of certain environmental indicators, when these are related to the produced output. This study concludes that boosting efficiency and increasing output reflects a trade-off with environmental and social services provided by the agricultural sector. C1 Fed Inst Agr Econ, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. Univ Nat Resources & Appl Life Sci Vienna, Dept Sustainable Agr Syst, Div Organ Farming, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. RP Kirner, L (reprint author), Fed Inst Agr Econ, Marxergasse 2, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. EM leopold.kirnei@awi.bmlfuw.gv.at; ruth.kratochvil@boku.ac.at CR ALBERT R, 2001, BERICHTE ENERGIE UMW Allen P., 1991, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, V6, P34 BAUER S, 2000, INITIATIVEN UMWELTSC, V15, P149 *BMLFUW, 2003, BER LAG OST LANDW 20 *BUND MISEREOR, 1996, ZUK DTSCH BEITR GLOB Christen O, 1996, BER LANDWIRTSCH, V74, P66 DABBERT S, 2004, OKOLOGIE LANDBAU, V129, P14 Daly H., 1991, STEADY STATE EC Fichtinger A, 1998, BODENKULTUR, V49, P239 Freyenberger S., 2001, American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, V16, P31 FROMM E, 2000, NACHHALTIGKEIT ERKEN FULLGRAFF G, 1992, UMWELTINDIKATOREN UM GAZZARIN C, 2004, 610 FAT Greimel M, 2003, BODENKULTUR, V54, P143 HABERL H, 1999, INDICATORS SUSTAINAB Hammond A., 1995, ENV INDICATORS SYSTE Hansen JW, 1996, AGR SYST, V50, P117, DOI 10.1016/0308-521X(95)00011-S Hess B., 1999, Agrarforschung, V6, P29 ISERMEYE F, 1993, 193 FAL KALISKI O, 2003, THESIS U BODENKULTUR Kirner L, 2004, BODENKULTUR, V54, P221 KIRNER L, 2003, 14 BUND AGR KRATOCHVIL R, 2003, THESIS BODENKULTUR W LEE J, 1999, FARM FOOD SUM, P12 Minsch J, 1998, I REFORMEN POLITIK N MULLER F, 1998, SCHRIFTENREIHE BEITR, V2 NIEBERG H, 1994, SCHRIFTENREIHE BM ER OECD, 1994, ENV IND PIORR A, 1998, SCHRIFTENREIHE AGRAR, V28 Rennings K, 1994, INDIKATOREN DAUERHAF Rosset P., 1999, CONTEXT GLOBAL TRADE SCHNEIDER B, 1997, ADV SERV MARKET MAN, V6, P1 Schwenninger R, 2003, BER LANDWIRTSCH, V81, P416 STEINMULLER H, 1993, REGIONALE KONZEPTE W, P53 VIIKARI AY, 1999, AGR FOOD SCI FINLAND, V8, P265 VONMUNCHHAUSEN H, 1997, UMWELTVERTRAGLICHE P Weiss CR, 1995, BODENKULTUR, V46, P365 WELZ R, 1998, Z ANGEW UMWELTFORSCH, V11, P252 NR 38 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 12 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 2006 VL 28 IS 4 BP 105 EP 124 DI 10.1300/J064v28n04_09 PG 20 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 098PZ UT WOS:000241536600008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Handley, MA Hammer, H Schillinger, D AF Handley, MA Hammer, H Schillinger, D TI Navigating the terrain between research and practice: A collaborative research network (CRN) case study in diabetes research SO JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN BOARD OF FAMILY MEDICINE LA English DT Article ID CLINICAL-PRACTICE GUIDELINES; NURSE FOLLOW-UP; HEALTH LITERACY; TRANSLATING RESEARCH; CONTROLLED-TRIAL; AUTOMATED CALLS; PRIMARY-CARE; COMMUNICATION; COMPLICATIONS; INTERVENTION AB Background: Clinical trials conducted in real world settings can improve the translation of research into practice. Although many experts have outlined strategies to conduct effectiveness research in primary care practices, there are few case studies describing how decisions and trade-offs influence the design and implementation of practical clinical trials. Methods: This paper outlines the IDEALL ( Improving Diabetes Efforts Across Language and Literacy) Project, a study of self-management support strategies for diabetes. We present a case study about translational diabetes research. We explore patient, clinician, and practice recruitment; which interventions to study; and decisions about the level of integration of interventions into practices. Results: Recruitment strategies needed to take into account Institutional Review Board restrictions not allowing direct patient contact outside of the clinic. Patient diversity was increased by using a population-based database to identify eligible patients; clinic diversity was increased by including neighborhood and hospital-based clinics. An adjunctive model of care to provide interventions was used to avoid burdening clinics with integrating the interventions into clinical practice, but did not address the importance of sustainability in primary care settings. Conclusion: Practical clinical trials involve complex strategies, decisions, and trade-offs. Researchers engaging in translational research should continue to describe how design decisions may influence the interpretation of results. C1 Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Family & Community Med, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Div Gen Internal Med, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. RP Handley, MA (reprint author), Univ Calif San Francisco, San Francisco Gen Hosp, Dept Family & Community Med, 995 Potrero Ave,Bldg 80-83, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA. 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Am. Board Fam. Med. PD JAN-FEB PY 2006 VL 19 IS 1 BP 85 EP 92 DI 10.3122/jabfm.19.1.85 PG 8 WC Primary Health Care; Medicine, General & Internal SC General & Internal Medicine GA 044YN UT WOS:000237709800012 PM 16492010 OA Bronze DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU de Mesquita, EB Stephenson, M AF de Mesquita, EB Stephenson, M TI Legal institutions and informal networks SO JOURNAL OF THEORETICAL POLITICS LA English DT Article DE informal economy; informal networks; legal institutions; social norms; transaction costs ID SOCIAL-STRUCTURE; CONTRACTUAL RELATIONS; EMBEDDEDNESS; LAW; MARKET; ORGANIZATIONS; COOPERATION; EVOLUTION; BUSINESS; ECONOMY AB The relationship between third-party contract enforcement and informal networks raises important sociological, political, and economic questions. When economic activity is embedded in social structures, what are the implications of third-party contract enforcement for the scope and nature of economic relations? What determines whether individuals rely on formal legal institutions or informal networks to sustain trade relationships? Do legal institutions erode informal networks? We develop a model in which a trade-off exists between size and sustainability of networks. By adding the possibility of fee-based, enforceable contracts, we provide a theoretical explanation for the coexistence of legal contract enforcement and an informal economy. We find that legal enforcement has little effect on networks until law becomes sufficiently inexpensive, at which point small decreases in the cost of law have dramatic effects on network size and the frequency of use of the legal system. C1 Washington Univ, Dept Polit Sci, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. Harvard Univ, Sch Law, Cambridge, MA 02138 USA. RP de Mesquita, EB (reprint author), Washington Univ, Dept Polit Sci, CB1063,1 Brookings Dr, St Louis, MO 63130 USA. EM ebuenode@artsci.wustl.edu; mstephen@law.harvard.edu CR ARNOLD B. 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Theor. Polit. PD JAN PY 2006 VL 18 IS 1 BP 40 EP 67 DI 10.1177/0951629806059595 PG 28 WC Political Science SC Government & Law GA 006TS UT WOS:000234920800002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Aiken, K Kong, A Smikle, S Appeldoorn, R Warner, G AF Aiken, K Kong, A Smikle, S Appeldoorn, R Warner, G TI Managing Jamaica's queen conch resources SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article AB Jamaica's industrial fishery for queen conch (Strombus gigas) has produced a substantial amount of much-needed foreign exchange and for at least 10 years has been the most valuable component of all commercial marine fisheries activities. Since its inception in 1990 it has grown tremendously and may now be at some risk of collapse, due to problems including, among other factors, overfishing, poor enforcement, foreign poaching and under-reporting of catches. This paper examines and analyzes the problems relating to management of the conch fishery and speculates on its future. The main problems are overfishing by licensed fishers who take more than permitted, and serious poaching by industrial vessels mainly from Honduras, which exploit poor high seas enforcement by Jamaican authorities. For nearly two years the official fishery was closed due to legal issues. During closures, considerable foreign poaching occurred. The paper suggests that increased roles for the coast guard, continued quota reductions, and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna (CITES), could be the best options for sustainability. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, Mona, Jamaica. Minist Agr, Div Fisheries, Kingston, Jamaica. Univ Puerto Rico, Dept Marine Sci, Mayaguez, PR 00709 USA. Univ W Indies, Ctr Marine Sci, Mona, Jamaica. RP Aiken, K (reprint author), Univ W Indies, Dept Life Sci, Mona, Jamaica. 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TI Policy, legal and institutional reforms for public-private partnerships needed to sustain large marine ecosystems of East Asia SO OCEAN & COASTAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT East Asian Seas Congress CY DEC 08-12, 2003 CL Minist Sci, Technol & Environm Makaysia, Putrajaya, MALAYSIA SP GEF/UNDP/IMO Reg Program HO Minist Sci, Technol & Environm Makaysia ID MANAGEMENT; FISHERIES AB The legacy of overfishing, destruction of coastal habitats, and accelerated pollution loading has dramatically reduced the biomass and diversity of marine waters in East Asia. Coasts can no longer support the numbers of people migrating to them, thus risking future economic benefits and social stability. Some countries are adopting needed reforms while, in others, less priority is given to reforms. National budgets for the environment, as well as international financial flows for environmental sustainability, remain disappointing. In the water sector alone, a global shortfall of US$100 billion annually will frustrate the achievement of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The paper argues that reforms are essential in the North and the South in order to reverse the gloomy outlook for East Asia, including global trade reforms and reduction of agricultural/fisheries subsidies in the North. Reforms to facilitate creation of public private partnerships and their international support may be the only viable options for improving water service delivery, sewage/industrial effluent treatment, fisheries, and maritime transport to reduce impacts on coastal and marine waters to meet MDGs. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) has supported a series of projects since 1991, totaling US$657 million for East Asia, with an emphasis on practical application of integrated coastal management for the large marine ecosystems. Among reforms identified to mobilize the private sector are revolving funds, reinsurance facilities, sub-sovereign lending, risk mitigation, partnerships, and corporate responsibility. GEF advocated these reforms in the run-up to the World Summit on Sustainable Development and is supporting a new generation of projects for countries desiring to pursue them. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Global Environm Facil Secretariat, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Duda, AM (reprint author), Global Environm Facil Secretariat, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. 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PY 2006 VL 49 IS 9-10 SI SI BP 649 EP 661 DI 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2006.06.003 PG 13 WC Oceanography; Water Resources SC Oceanography; Water Resources GA 096SA UT WOS:000241395900011 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Tilley, DR Comar, V AF Tilley, David Rogers Comar, Vito TI Energy-based simulation to assess Brazil's long-term carrying capacity: Environment, electricity and population SO POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE sustainability; energy; simulation modeling; renewable energy; natural gas ID EMERGY ANALYSIS; SYSTEMS; SUSTAINABILITY; TRANSFORMITY AB A macroscopic mini-model of Brazil's electrical generating capacity (BRAZELECTRIX, Brazilian Electricity Matrix) was developed using the Energy Systems Language and simulated with iconographic Extend (R) software to explore long-term (200 years) population carrying capacity. South American reserves of natural gas (NG) and Brazilian stream hydro-power potential were assumed as the main inputs to electric power production. Energy values (e.g., kWh, joules) for fuels, electricity and environment were transformed to solar emergy (i.e., solar equivalent joules) to simplify cross comparison with a single metric. BRAZELECTRIX was calibrated using a holistic method that used mean component life-times and conservation of material and energy for each individual unit. Validation of BRAZELECTRIX, based on historical data, gave a root mean square error of 8% for hydroelectricity and 28% for natural gas use. Investments in natural gas infrastructure (e.g., contracts, pipelines, processing plants and electric power plants) accelerated Brazil's expansion of electrical generating capacity for a finite period, allowing the country to reach its renewable (hydro-power only) carrying capacity 100 years sooner than without (2040 vs. 2140). Brazil has a total of 560 zetta-solar equivalent joules per annum (1 Zseja = 1 x 10(21) sej per year) of stream hydro-power potential; 170 Zseja is currently used for electricity generation. According to BRAZELECTRIX, eventually 390 Zseja will be tapped for hydroelectricity. The standard of living, as measured by annual per capita electrical solar emergy, had risen 680% from 166 tera-solar equivalent joules (Tseja) to 1130 Tseja during the 35 year period following 1965 and was predicted to increase another 75% to its maximum (1973 Tseja) in 2050. By comparison, an urbanizing state of the United States (North Carolina) had an annual per capita electrical solar emergy of 7815 Tseja in 1992, indicating that Brazil could reach a living standard, as measured by per capita electricity usage, equal to one-forth the level of United States. 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PD JAN PY 2006 VL 27 IS 3 BP 307 EP 326 DI 10.1007/s11111-006-0023-4 PG 20 WC Demography; Environmental Studies SC Demography; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 069KW UT WOS:000239446200004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Sefton, JA Weale, MR AF Sefton, JA Weale, MR TI The concept of income in a general equilibrium SO REVIEW OF ECONOMIC STUDIES LA English DT Article ID NATIONAL PRODUCT; SUSTAINABILITY; DETERMINACY; RESOURCES; NNP AB This paper derives a concept of aggregate real income for a competitive economy in general equilibrium consisting of heterogeneous infinitely lived people and relates it to current and future consumption possibilities. An important characteristic of our measure of income, which we call Real Income. is that deflation is carried out using a consumption deflator rather than any price index of output. We suggest that it may be inappropriate to regard capital gains as income. 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PD JAN PY 2006 VL 27 IS 1 BP 59 EP 79 DI 10.1007/s11017-005-5754-1 PG 21 WC Ethics; Social Issues; Social Sciences, Biomedical SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Social Issues; Biomedical Social Sciences GA 020SI UT WOS:000235930200004 PM 16532303 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Crookes, DJ Ankudey, N Milner-Gulland, EJ AF Crookes, D. J. Ankudey, N. Milner-Gulland, E. J. TI The value of a long-term bushmeat market dataset as an indicator of system dynamics SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE africa; Ghana; grasscutters; guns; hunting; snares; sustainability ID COMMODITY CHAIN; GHANA AB Data on prices and quantities of wildlife on sale in markets are increasingly being used as indicators of the sustainability of bushmeat hunting, being relatively easy to collect. However, it is not clear how much can actually be inferred from trends in such data. This study analyses changes in price, quantity, method of capture and kill location of bushmeat species entering the Atwemonom bushmeat market in the city of Kumasi (Ghana) over the period 1987-2002, using data collected by an official of the Ghana Wildlife Department. The analysis was confined to the seven most commonly traded species and to the open season only, in order to maximize the reliability of the data. Over the period, there was an increase in real bushmeat prices, in the proportion of animals killed by means other than guns and the trade made up by grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus). A higher proportion of animals originated from distant areas, rather than from villages close to Kumasi. These trends are compatible both with depletion of the bushmeat resource and with an economically rational response by hunters to increasing prices. The analysis highlights both the utility and the limitations of detailed long-term market data as a tool for assessing the sustainability of wildlife hunting. Data on the origin of animals sold in the market and the gear type are necessary but not sufficient for understanding the drivers of changes in price and quantity of species on sale in markets; without complementary detailed local data on hunter behaviour, market data are of little value. C1 Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. RP Milner-Gulland, EJ (reprint author), Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, Div Biol, Silwood Pk Campus, Ascot SL5 7PY, Berks, England. EM e.j.milner-gulland@imperial.ac.uk OI Milner-Gulland, E.J./0000-0003-0324-2710 CR Abernethy K., 2002, GESTION FILIERE VIAN Ayres J. M., 1991, Neotropical wildlife use and conservation., P82 Cowlishaw G, 2005, CONSERV BIOL, V19, P139, DOI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00170.x Damania R, 2005, P ROY SOC B-BIOL SCI, V272, P259, DOI 10.1098/rspb.2004.2945 de Merode E, 2004, BIOL CONSERV, V118, P573, DOI 10.1016/j.biocon.2003.10.005 FitzGibbon C, 1998, BEHAVIORAL ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION BIOLOGY, P449 Hofmann T., 1999, BUSHMEAT NATURAL RES Jerozolimski A, 2003, BIOL CONSERV, V111, P415, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00310-5 JUSTE J, 1995, J APPL ECOL, V32, P454, DOI 10.2307/2404644 Mendelson S, 2003, J PEASANT STUD, V31, P73, DOI [10.1080/030661503100016934, 10.1080/0306615031000169134] Milner-Gulland EJ, 2003, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V18, P351, DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00123-X Milner-Gulland EJ, 2002, ECOL ECON, V42, P165, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(02)00047-2 MONKKONEN M, 1997, ANN ZOOL FENN, V34, P47 Muchaal PK, 1999, CONSERV BIOL, V13, P385, DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.013002385.x NITAMOABAIDU Y, 1998, WILDLIFE DEV PLAN, V6 Roberts CM, 1997, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V12, P35, DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(96)20109-0 Robinson J. G., 2000, HUNTING SUSTAINABILI Rowcliffe JM, 2003, J APPL ECOL, V40, P872, DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00841.x Tutu KA, 1993, EC LIVING WILDLIFE G Wilkie D. S., 2001, CONSERV BIOL, V15, P1 NR 20 TC 36 Z9 36 U1 0 U2 20 PU CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS PI NEW YORK PA 32 AVENUE OF THE AMERICAS, NEW YORK, NY 10013-2473 USA SN 0376-8929 EI 1469-4387 J9 ENVIRON CONSERV JI Environ. Conserv. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 32 IS 4 BP 333 EP 339 DI 10.1017/S037689290500250X PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 053NJ UT WOS:000238311500007 OA Green Published DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Zhao, FZ Liu, WH Deng, HB AF Zhao, FZ Liu, WH Deng, HB TI The potential role of virtual water in solving water scarcity and food security problems in China SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE policy relevance; agriculture; food production; water resources; food imports ID DEVELOPING-COUNTRIES; CHALLENGES; MANAGEMENT; ISSUES AB Water, as a source of food security, plays an essential role in ensuring sustainable food resources for a growing population. However, water scarcity has increasingly become a constraint to economic development, particularly food production. The water-food challenge is impending because of China's increasing population and water demand. The concept of virtual water is useful to analyze this problem. In this paper, the implications and policy relevance of virtual water are expounded. Based on imported food volumes, it is calculated that an annual average of 10.52 X 16(9)m(3) of virtual water embodied in imported wheat and maize in the period between 1990 and 2000 is equivalent to 23% of the annual average transfer water volume of the South-North Water Transfer (SNWT) project. Consequently, this 29.3 x 10(6) ha of virtual land is equivalent to 19% of China's arable land in 2000. Using the grain import prediction and the agricultural production conditions of China, the virtual water equivalents of China in 2010 and 2020 arc evaluated, and are about 88 x 10(9) m(3) in 2010 and 95 x 10(9) m(3) in 2020, respectively. Importing virtual water embedded in traded food can alleviate water stress and even achieve food security. Virtual water trade may compensate for water demands for not only the past but also the future. Meanwhile, water trade can store water in its virtual water form, enabling food storage to play a potential role in solving food problems, as well as promoting sustainability of water resources in China. C1 Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Syst Ecol, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. RP Liu, WH (reprint author), Chinese Acad Sci, Key Lab Syst Ecol, Ecoenvironm Sci Res Ctr, 18 Shuangqing Rd, Beijing 100085, Peoples R China. EM Lwillow0531@yahoo.com.cn RI Qin, Wei/F-1044-2010 OI Qin, Wei/0000-0002-0860-121X CR Allan J.A., 1996, WATER POLICY ALLOCAT Allan J. 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PD DEC PY 2005 VL 12 IS 4 BP 419 EP 428 PG 10 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 015OV UT WOS:000235561600006 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Munksgaard, J Wier, M Lenzen, M Dey, C AF Munksgaard, J Wier, M Lenzen, M Dey, C TI Using input-output analysis to measure the environmental pressure of consumption at different spatial levels SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE carbon dioxide (CO2); consumption; data envelopment analysis (DEA); environmental indicators; life-cycle thinking; structural economics ID ENERGY-REQUIREMENTS; MEASURING EFFICIENCY; INTERNATIONAL-TRADE; PERFORMANCE; EMISSIONS; CARBON; COST; DEA; SUSTAINABILITY; NETHERLANDS AB Input-output modeling is a useful tool for tracing environmental impacts of consumption. Because it includes impacts originating from production layers of infinite order (capturing the entire economy), input-output modeling is highly relevant for studies operating in a life-cycle context. In this article we show how the input-output approach can be used to enumerate the problem of sustainable consumption. Based on a literature survey including research done by the authors we present measures of the emissions of carbon dioxide at different spatial levels: nation, city, and household. Further, we take more environmental effects into account and introduce the concept of environmental efficiency by combining input-output modeling and data envelopment analysis. Finally, we discuss the policy relevance of the different measures. 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PD WIN-SPR PY 2005 VL 9 IS 1-2 BP 169 EP 185 DI 10.1162/1088198054084699 PG 17 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 960QV UT WOS:000231609200014 OA Bronze DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Freund, C AF Freund, C TI Current account adjustment in industrial countries SO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MONEY AND FINANCE LA English DT Article DE trade deficit; currency crisis; exchange rate adjustment ID TRADE AB This paper examines the dynamics of current account adjustment among industrial countries. The purpose is to evaluate whether there is a threshold level of a current account deficit at which it becomes unsustainable and whether it is possible to characterize episodes of adjustment. We identify 25 episodes in which there was a sustained improvement in the current account following a large deficit between 1980 and 1997. We find that a typical cur-rent account reversal begins when the current account deficit is about 5% of GDP. However, we also find considerable cross-country variation in the reversal threshold, consistent with a stock-adjustment model of current account sustainability. Reversals are associated with slowing income growth and a 10-20% real exchange rate depreciation. Real export growth, declining investment, and an eventual leveling off in the budget deficit-GDP ratio are also likely to be part of the adjustment. These results imply that current account reversals in industrialized countries are related to the business cycle. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. RP Freund, C (reprint author), World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. 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Int. Money Finan. PD DEC PY 2005 VL 24 IS 8 BP 1278 EP 1298 DI 10.1016/j.jimonfin.2005.08.014 PG 21 WC Business, Finance SC Business & Economics GA 996GF UT WOS:000234161700006 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Acosta, P Loza, A AF Acosta, P Loza, A TI Short and long run determinants of private investment in Argentina SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE investment; macroeconomic instability; crowding-out; Argentina ID GROWTH; COINTEGRATION; INSTABILITY; UNCERTAINTY; HYPOTHESIS AB This study provides an empirical analysis of the macroeconomic factors that can potentially affect investment decisions in Argentina in a short, medium and long run perspective. Both the theory and the empirical literature are reviewed in order to identify a private investment function for the last three decades (1970-2000). The results suggest that investment decisions seem to be determined, in the short run, by shocks in returns (exchange rate, trade liberalization) and in aggregate demand. Besides, there is evidence of a "crowding-out" effect of public investment. In the long run, the capital accumulation path seems to be closely dependent on both well-developed financial and credit markets and on perspectives of fiscal sustainability. C1 Univ Illinois, Dept Econ, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. Univ Argentina Empresa, Dept Econ & Finance, RA-1073 Buenos Aires, DF, Argentina. RP Acosta, P (reprint author), Univ Illinois, Dept Econ, 1206 S 6th St, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. 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Appl. Econ. PD NOV PY 2005 VL 8 IS 2 BP 389 EP 406 DI 10.1080/15140326.2005.12040634 PG 18 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 050OM UT WOS:000238097800010 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Huppes, G Ishikawa, M AF Huppes, G Ishikawa, M TI A framework for quantified eco-efficiency analysis SO JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE environmental cost-effectiveness; environmental effect score; environmental intensity; environmental productivity; industrial ecology; win-win ID ABATEMENT COST METHOD; PRODUCTS AB Eco-efficiency is an instrument for sustainability analysis, indicating an empirical relation in economic activities between environmental cost or value and environmental impact. This empirical relation can be matched against normative considerations as to how much environmental quality or improvement society would like to offer in exchange for economic welfare, or what the trade-off between the economy and the environment should be if society is to realize a certain level of environmental quality. Its relevance lies in the fact that relations between economy and environment are not self-evident, not at a micro level and not at the macro level resulting from micro-level decisions for society as a whole. Clarifying the why and what of eco-efficiency is a first step toward decision support on these two aspects of sustainability. With the main analytic framework established, filling in the actual economic and environmental relations requires further choices in modeling. Also, the integration of different environmental effects into a single score requires a clear definition of approach, because several partly overlapping methods exist. Some scaling problems accompany the specification of numerator and denominator, which need a solution and some standardization before eco-efficiency analysis can become more widely used. With a method established, the final decision is how to embed it in practical decision making. In getting the details of eco-efficiency better specified, its strengths, but also its weaknesses and limitations, need to be indicated more clearly C1 Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, CML, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Leiden Univ, Ind Ecol Dept, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. Kobe Univ, Grad Sch Econ, Kobe, Hyogo 657, Japan. RP Huppes, G (reprint author), Leiden Univ, Inst Environm Sci, CML, POB 9518, NL-2300 RA Leiden, Netherlands. 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Ind. Ecol. PD FAL PY 2005 VL 9 IS 4 BP 25 EP 41 DI 10.1162/108819805775247882 PG 17 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 993GN UT WOS:000233942700008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Fainstein, SS AF Fainstein, SS TI Cities and diversity - Should we want it? Can we plan for it? SO URBAN AFFAIRS REVIEW LA English DT Article DE just city; urban planning; diversity; capacities AB Diversity has become the new orthodoxy of city planning. The term has several meanings: a varied physical design, mixes of uses, an expanded public realm, and multiple social groupings exercising their "right to the city." Its impetus lies in the postinodernist/poststructuralist critique of modernism's master narratives and more specifically in reactions to the urban landscape created by segregation, urban renewal, massive housing projects, and highway building programs. Privileging diversity raises significant issues. Can planned environments produce diversity or only a "staged authenticity"? Does emphasizing diversity obscure the economic structure? Is there a connection between diversity and economic innovation? Does social diversity necessarily contribute to equity and a broadly satisfying public realm? Rather than setting diversity as the principal goal of city planning, I argue for the model of the just city, based on Nussbaum's concept of capacities and a recognition of the inevitable trade-offs among equity, diversity, growth, and sustainability. C1 Columbia Univ, Urban Planning Program, Grad Sch Architecture Planning & Preservat, New York, NY 10027 USA. RP Fainstein, SS (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Urban Planning Program, Grad Sch Architecture Planning & Preservat, New York, NY 10027 USA. 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PD SEP PY 2005 VL 41 IS 1 BP 3 EP 19 DI 10.1177/1078087405278968 PG 17 WC Urban Studies SC Urban Studies GA 954IT UT WOS:000231149500001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ghimire, SK McKey, D Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y AF Ghimire, SK McKey, D Aumeeruddy-Thomas, Y TI Conservation of Himalayan medicinal plants: Harvesting patterns and ecology of two threatened species, Nardostachys grandiflora DC. and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Pennell) Hong SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE demography; ethnoecological knowledge; harvesting practices; Himalaya; medicinal plants; NTFP; sustainability ID ALLIUM-TRICOCCUM; FOREST PRODUCTS; CLONAL PLANTS; POPULATION; GROWTH; REPRODUCTION; EXTRACTION; MANAGEMENT; DEMOGRAPHY; DYNAMICS AB Himalayan medicinal plants are threatened by large scale exploitation for trade. Research applicable to their sustainable use is largely lacking. We analyze the effects of different harvesting patterns on the population ecology of two highly threatened Himalayan medicinal plants, Nardostachys grandiflora (Valerianaceae) and Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (Scrophulariaceae), in Shey-Phoksundo National Park and in its buffer zone in northwestern Nepal. We first documented local harvesting approaches of two major user groups, amchi (traditional doctors trained in Tibetan medicine), who harvest plants in a selective manner for local health care purposes, and commercial collectors, who harvest unselectively and at much higher intensity for trade. We then applied the selective harvesting approach of amchi in an experiment to test the effects of different harvesting levels on the population ecology of these two species. These experiments revealed a positive effect of low harvesting levels on plant density, but recruitment and survival rates decreased with increasing harvesting levels. We also analyzed the effect of high harvesting pressure for trade on the population ecology of N. grandiflora. Recruitment and survival rates were higher in N. scrophulariiflora than in N. grandiflora; the latter species is more vulnerable to harvesting than the former. The difference between them in sustainability of harvest is related to differences in their strategies of vegetative reproduction and in harvesting practices associated with these strategies. Management of Himalayan medicinal plants can be improved by taking harvesting patterns, plant life forms and growth patterns into consideration. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 CNRS, UMR 5175, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, Dept Populat Biol, F-34293 Montpellier, France. Tribhuvan Univ, Cent Dept Bot, Kathmandu, Nepal. RP Ghimire, SK (reprint author), CNRS, UMR 5175, Ctr Ecol Fonct & Evolut, Dept Populat Biol, 1919 Route Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, France. 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Conserv. PD AUG PY 2005 VL 124 IS 4 BP 463 EP 475 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.02.005 PG 13 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 930CP UT WOS:000229393700003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wong, SW Tang, BS AF Wong, SW Tang, BS TI Challenges to the sustainability of 'development zones': A case study of Guangzhou Development District, China SO CITIES LA English DT Article DE development zone; EPZ; FDI; urban development; urbanisation ID EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES; SPRAWL AB Rapid economic globalization presents major challenges to the sustainable development of 'development zones' in many countries. Development zones in China evolved from the concept of Export Processing Zones (EPZs) in the western world. After China's accession to the World Trade Organisation, however, they have lost their special preferential status to the overseas investors in terms of promotion of industrialization and inward investment. With the changing global and national circumstances, spatial, economic and social transformations are taking place in these development zones. Given the vast number of development zones in China, the successful integration of these development zones into the regional and urban contexts will have great implications on the economic and social development of China. Based upon a case study of Guangzhou Development District (GDD) which is one of the earliest development zones of China, this paper examines the evolution of development zones in the mainland with particular reference to the development problems associated with their urbanisation in recent years. 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Given the limited understanding of seahorse population dynamics and fishing mortality, a single minimum size limit for all seahorse species appears to be a useful initial step toward adaptive management, both biologically and socially. We collected data on maximum height and size at first maturity for 32 seahorse species and cross-validated the data with results from an analysis across marine teleosts. A minimum height restriction of 10 cm would permit, based on calculated data, reproduction in 15 species before they recruited to the fishery. Of the remaining 17 species, 16 were essentially not in international trade, were safeguarded under domestic legislation, or were partly protected by this size limit. Only one species, H. kelloggi, was not well served by the 10-cm minimum size limit. The CITES technical committee on animals has now decided to propose this single size limit to all 167 signatory nations as one option toward sustainable trade. 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PD AUG PY 2005 VL 19 IS 4 BP 1044 EP 1050 DI 10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00192.x PG 7 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 953XL UT WOS:000231118600011 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Sanden, BA Azar, C AF Sanden, BA Azar, C TI Near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets economy wide versus technology specific approaches SO ENERGY POLICY LA English DT Article DE climate change; innovation; technology policy ID RESEARCH-AND-DEVELOPMENT; CARBON LOCK-IN; ENERGY TECHNOLOGY; TECHNICAL CHANGE; ATMOSPHERIC CO2; REGIME SHIFTS; SUSTAINABILITY; STABILIZATION; ELECTRICITY; INNOVATION AB The aim of this paper is to offer Suggestions when it comes to near-term technology policies for long-term climate targets based on some insights into the nature of technical change. We make a distinction between economy wide e and technology specific policy instruments and put forward two key hypotheses: (i) Near-term carbon targets such as the Kyoto protocol can be met by economy wide price instruments (carbon taxes, or a cap-and-trade system) changing the technologies we pick from the shelf (higher energy efficiency in cars. buildings and industry, wind, biomass for heat and electricity, natural gas instead of coal, solar thermal, etc.). (ii) Technology specific policies are needed to bring new technologies to the shelf. Without these new technologies, stricter emission reduction targets may be considered impossible to meet by the government, industry and the general public, and therefore not adopted. The policies required to bring these more advanced technologies to the shelf are more complex and include increased public research and development, demonstration, niche market creation, support for networks within the new industries, standard settings and infrastructure policies (e.g., when it comes to hydrogen distribution). There is a risk that the society in its quest for cost-efficiency in meeting near-term emissions targets, becomes blindfolded when it comes to the more difficult, but equally important issue of bringing more advanced technologies to the shelf. The paper presents mechanisms that cause technology look in, how these very mechanisms can be used to get out of the current "carbon lock-in" and the risk with premature lock-ins into new technologies that do not deliver what they currently promise. 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P., 1936, J AERONAUT SCI, V3, P122, DOI DOI 10.2514/8.155 1992, UN FRAM CONV CLIM CH NR 94 TC 125 Z9 126 U1 3 U2 38 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0301-4215 J9 ENERG POLICY JI Energy Policy PD AUG PY 2005 VL 33 IS 12 BP 1557 EP 1576 DI 10.1016/j.enpol.2004.01.012 PG 20 WC Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Energy & Fuels; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 927BT UT WOS:000229168100005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Low, W Davenport, E AF Low, W Davenport, E TI Postcards from the edge: Maintaining the 'alternative' character of fair trade SO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article DE fair trade; mainstreaming; sustainability; discourse; history of fair trade AB This paper argues that the pressures for fair trade to substantially increase market access for marginalized producers in the global South and subsequently move fair trade out of niche into mainstream markets is reshaping the boundaries of the movement. We suggest that going mainstream carries with it the danger of appropriation of the more convenient elements of fair trade by the commercial sector and loss of the more radical edges. This paper examines the changing discourse surrounding fair trade, critically reflecting on the movement's history to understand how its evolution to date might influence its possible futures. The paper concludes by exploring how various elements within the fair trade movement are trying to retain a radical edge in order to continue to provide a critique of the dominant paradigm of business and trade. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. C1 Univ Auckland, Dept Management & Employment Relat, Auckland 1, New Zealand. Compass Consulting, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Low, W (reprint author), Univ Auckland, Dept Management & Employment Relat, Private Bag 92109, Auckland 1, New Zealand. EM wi.low@auckland.ac.nz CR Brown M.B., 1993, FAIR TRADE REFORM RE Cooperative Bank (The), 2003, ETH CONS REP 2003 European Fair Trade Association (EFTA), 2001, FAIR TRAD EUR 2001 F *FTF, 1994, N AM FAIR TRAD ORG 1 IFAT, 2004, N AM PAC RIM C REP Johnston Josee, 2002, PROTEST GLOBALISATIO, P38 Lake R., 1998, FAIR TRADE ETHICAL T Litrell M.A., 1999, SOCIAL RESPONSIBILIT LITRELL MA, 1997, HUM ORGAN, V56, P344 MACADAM M, 2000, NEW INT, V322, P16 RANSOM D, 2000, NEW INT, V322, P9 SCRASE T, 2003, THIRD WORLD Q, V243, P449 SED, 2002, SMALL ENTERPRISE DEV, V13, P4 Tallontire A., 2000, Development in Practice: an Oxfam Journal, V10, P166, DOI 10.1080/09614520050010205 THOMPSON B, 1995, SIGHT SOUND, V5, P41 Tiffen P., 2002, Development in Practice, V12, P383, DOI 10.1080/0961450220149744 TIFFEN P, 2000, NEW INT, V322, P24 ZADEK S, 1998, DEVELOPMENT AUT, P48 NR 18 TC 85 Z9 87 U1 0 U2 11 PU JOHN WILEY & SONS LTD PI CHICHESTER PA THE ATRIUM, SOUTHERN GATE, CHICHESTER PO19 8SQ, W SUSSEX, ENGLAND SN 0968-0802 J9 SUSTAIN DEV JI Sustain. Dev. PD JUL PY 2005 VL 13 IS 3 BP 143 EP 153 DI 10.1002/sd.275 PG 11 WC Development Studies; Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Regional & Urban Planning SC Development Studies; Science & Technology - Other Topics; Public Administration GA 948RS UT WOS:000230734000002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lee, RJ Gorog, AJ Dwiyahreni, A Siwu, S Riley, J Alexander, H Paoli, GD Ramono, W AF Lee, RJ Gorog, AJ Dwiyahreni, A Siwu, S Riley, J Alexander, H Paoli, GD Ramono, W TI Wildlife trade and implications for law enforcement in Indonesia: a case study from North Sulawesi SO BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE hunting; Indonesia; law enforcement; Sulawesi; wildlife trade ID SEED DISPERSAL; FLYING FOXES; PTEROPODIDAE; ISLANDS; CHIROPTERA; ANIMALS; FOREST; BATS AB Excessive hunting pressure, due in large part to commercialization, has reduced the populations of many tropical large mammal species. Wildlife over-exploitation is severe in Indonesia, especially on Sulawesi, where human resources and funding are inadequate to monitor the wildlife trade and enforce existing protection laws. In response, the Wildlife Crimes Unit program was established in December 2001 to: (i) monitor wildlife transportation into North Sulawesi and market sales; (ii) provide legal and technical support to law enforcement agencies; and (iii) promote public awareness of wildlife and protection laws. Over a two-year period, 6963 wild mammals en route to markets were encountered (similar to 8 individuals h(-1)) and 96,586 wild mammals were documented during market surveys. The trade of some protected mammals declined significantly over this period, but overall trade in wild mammals increased by 30%. High volume of trade in non-protected animals such as the Sulawesi pig Sus celebensis and large flying foxes (Pteropodidae), raise concerns about the sustainability of current harvesting. To combat this problem, we recommend that: (1) efforts are continued to reduce trade in protected species; (2) protected status is extended to heavily traded but non-protected taxa, such as flying foxes; (3) the effects of hunting on rat and bat populations, as well as its impact on forest dynamics, are quantified; and (4) work is carried out with local communities to strengthen awareness, set sustainable limits on wild mammal harvesting, and establish practical mechanisms for enforcing these limits. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All riehts reserved. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Indonesia Program, Bogor, Indonesia. Wildlife Conservat Soc, Indonesia Program, Manado, Sulawesi, Indonesia. N Sunderland & Seahouses Dev Trust, Seahouses NE68 2TP, Northd, England. Dept Forestry, Jakarta 10065, Indonesia. RP Lee, RJ (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Indonesia Program, Jl Pangrango 8, Bogor, Indonesia. EM rlee@wcs.org; a.gorog@wcsip.org; a.dwiyahreni@wcsip.org; s.siwu@wcsip.org; ninoxios@yahoo.co.uk; h.alexander@wcsip.org; gpaoli@umich.edu; cites@dephut.cbn.net.id CR Alvard Michael, 2000, P214 BARCLAY R, 2004, BAT ECOLOGY, P209 Bennett E. 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G., 1991, NEOTROPICAL WILDLIFE Robinson JG, 2002, ORYX, V36, P332, DOI 10.1017/S0030605302000662 Robinson JG, 2000, BIOL RESOURCE MANAGE, P13 TERBORGH J, 1993, VEGETATION, V108, P357 Wiles GJ, 1997, J ZOOL, V241, P203, DOI 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb01954.x Wilkie David S., 2001, P375 Wilkie DS, 1999, BIODIVERS CONSERV, V8, P927, DOI 10.1023/A:1008877309871 WILKIE DS, 2004, AGROFORESTRY BIODIVE, P46 Wright SJ, 2001, BIOTROPICA, V33, P583, DOI 10.1646/0006-3606(2001)033[0583:PAFFAS]2.0.CO;2 1981, CAGAR ALAM GUNUNG TA NR 39 TC 52 Z9 56 U1 2 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0006-3207 EI 1873-2917 J9 BIOL CONSERV JI Biol. Conserv. PD JUN PY 2005 VL 123 IS 4 BP 477 EP 488 DI 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.01.009 PG 12 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 910UV UT WOS:000227958600007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Marsden, AD Sumaila, UR AF Marsden, AD Sumaila, UR TI Tracking flows of fisheries products: the case of Pacific halibut in the Canadian economy SO FISHERIES RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE international trade; Pacific halibut; British Columbia ID ACCESS RENEWABLE RESOURCES; TRADE AB Patterns of international trade may affect the sustainability of fisheries, and empirical studies of these effects would be facilitated by a better understanding of actual trade flows over time. We present a general conceptual model of flows of fisheries products, and apply it to examine the trade flows of Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) through the Canadian economy, as a pilot study for similar work at national and international levels. We present data on the flows of Pacific halibut into (landings and imports) and out of (exports) the Canadian economy from 1950 to 2001, in terms of quantity and value. We examine how the flows have changed over the study period due to several factors, including changes in biomass, the implementation of Exclusive Economic Zones, and the individual quota systems in BC and Alaska. We use our data to estimate annual Canadian consumption of Pacific halibut. Extending this approach to a broad range of species and countries will contribute to understanding how such flows are affected by fisheries management, how the benefits of fisheries and international trade in fisheries products are distributed within and between countries, and how international trade interacts with fisheries management to produce ecosystem effects and welfare gains or losses. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ British Columbia, Ctr Fisheries, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. RP Marsden, AD (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Ctr Fisheries, 2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 73 IS 1-2 BP 259 EP 264 DI 10.1016/j.fishres.2004.12.007 PG 6 WC Fisheries SC Fisheries GA 923WO UT WOS:000228940400021 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Giovannucci, D Ponte, S AF Giovannucci, D Ponte, S TI Standards as a new form of social contract? Sustainability initiatives in the coffee industry SO FOOD POLICY LA English DT Article DE grades and standards; coffee ID FAIR-TRADE COFFEE; SHADE AB In the former age of national capitalism, the achievement of market fairness was embedded in a normative framework generated by government, labor unions, and perhaps religious authority. In the current age of global capitalism, new actors such as NGOs, industry associations and public-private partnerships provide the normative framework that corporations use for social legitimacy. In this context, standard-setting processes operate as new forms of social contract where the state, rather than being directly involved between the parties, provides a form of basic guarantee while (more or less accountable) NGOs and firms are in charge of hammering out the bargains. This article examines the dynamics of this new configuration through the case study of sustainability initiatives in the coffee sector. It addresses four questions: (1) Are these standards effective in communicating information and creating new markets? (2) To what extent do they embed elements of collective and private interests? (3) Is sustainability content actually delivered to their intended beneficiaries? and (4) What is the role of public policy in addressing their shortcomings? (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 World Bank, Washington, DC 20433 USA. Danish Inst Int Studies, Copenhagen, Denmark. RP Giovannucci, D (reprint author), World Bank, 1818 H St NW, Washington, DC 20433 USA. EM dgiovannucci@worldbank.org; spo@tele2adsl.dk RI Giovannucci, David/A-5657-2018 CR BRADLEY T, 2003, IMPLEMENTATION COMPL *CONS INT, 2004, GREEN FOOD CLAIMS LO DAMIANI O, 2002, ORG AGR GUATEMALA ST DAMIANI O, 2001, ORGANIC AGR MEXICO C Daviron Benoit, 2005, COFFEE PARADOX GLOBA DIMITRI C, 2002, AGR INFORMATION B, V777 GIBBON P, 2004, TRADING DOWN AFRICA Giovannucci D., 2000, GUIDE DEV AGR MARKET Giovannucci D., 2003, STATE SUSTAINABLE CO GIOVANNUCCI D, 2001, SUSTAINABLE COFFEE GIOVANNUCCI D, 2003, ORGANIC AGR SUSTAINA GIOVANNUCCI D, 2000, LATIN AM CARIBBEAN C GIVENS H, 1999, ECOLOGY FARMING THOL, V21, P8 Greenberg R, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P448, DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.95464.x Henson S, 2001, WORLD DEV, V29, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0305-750X(00)00085-1 Hopkins R, 2000, IMPACT ASSESSMENT ST *IUCN FUT HARV, 2001, COMM GROUND COMM FUT JAFFEE S, 2003, 10 WORLD BANK AGR RU JORGENSEN KF, 2003, THESIS ROSKILDE U CT MACE B, 1998, THESIS MIAMI U OXFOR Messner Dirk, 2002, 173 IDS Murray D., 2003, ONE CUP TIME POVERTY Nadvi K., 2002, 582002 INEF U DUISB *OECD DAC, 2002, STAT DAT Oyejide T. 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We assessed the impact of hunting by comparing the calculated maximal reproduction rate with the current off-take rate. We assessed the average bushmeat consumption per capita/per year from weekly investigations on bushmeat available in 88 bushmeat restaurants and markets over a 12-mo period in 1999. We derived data on preferences for particular game species from interviews of 162 bushmeat consumers, 25 subsistence hunters and 3 groups of professional hunters. Hunting pressure was highest on the larger primate species such red colobus (Procolobus badius), black- and- white colobus (Colobus polykomos) and sooty mangabeys (Cercocebus atys). The amount of primate bushmeat extracted from the Tai National Park and surrounding forests was 249,229 kg in 1999. We estimated population densities using line transect surveys. By referring to current population densities we calculated the maximum production of each species using the Robinson Redford model (2001) and assuming unhunted conditions. A comparison of current harvest levels with maximum production suggests that harvest of Procolobus badius is sustainable, whereas current off-take of Colobus polykomos, Cercocebus atys, Cercopithecus diana (diana monkey) and C. campbelli (Campbell's monkeys) exceeds sustainability by <= 3 times. We recommend that wildlife managers promote programs that encourage the production of domestic animals as a substitute for wild meat. C1 Univ Bayreuth, Dept Biogeog, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. Ctr Suisse Rech Sci, Tai Monkey Project, Abidjan, Cote Ivoire. Univ Cocody, Zool Lab, Abidjan 22, Cote Ivoire. RP Refisch, J (reprint author), Univ Bayreuth, Dept Biogeog, POB 101251, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germany. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 26 IS 3 BP 621 EP 629 DI 10.1007/s10764-005-4369-8 PG 9 WC Zoology SC Zoology GA 938WE UT WOS:000230033300008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lopez-Ridaura, S van Keulen, H van Ittersum, MK Leffelaar, PA AF Lopez-Ridaura, S van Keulen, H van Ittersum, MK Leffelaar, PA TI Multi-scale sustainability evaluation of natural resource management systems: Quantifying indicators for different scales of analysis and their trade-offs using linear programming SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sustainable agriculture; quantitative land-use systems analysis; stakeholders; scenarios; modelling; multi-criteria analysis; participatory methods ID LAND-USE SYSTEMS; OPTIONS; QUANTIFICATION; AGRICULTURE; ZONE AB The purposes of this paper are: (a) to describe a framework designed for multi-scale sustainability evaluation of Natural Resource Management Systems (NRMS), and (b) to illustrate its application for quantitative analysis using linear programming. The frame-work described here is intended to contribute to the operationalisation of the concept of sustainability by supporting the processes of design, evaluation and implementation of alternative NRMS at different scales. In this paper, Linear Programming is used for the quantitative analysis of indicators and their trade-offs; using a schematised example, the basic characteristics of the Multi-scale Multiple Goal Linear Programming (M-MGLP) method are described. In M-MGLP, indicators pertaining to different scales of analysis can be set as objectives or constraints for the optimisation. In this way, stakeholders interacting in a specific region can be made aware of the consequences of alternative NRMS in terms of the different indicators at the same scale and/or for indicators at other scales of analysis. The paper ends with a discussion of the main strengths and limitations of the framework and, specifically, of linear programming. C1 Wageningen Univ, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Lopez-Ridaura, S (reprint author), Wageningen Univ, POB 430, NL-6700 AK Wageningen, Netherlands. EM Santiago.LopezRidaura@wur.nl RI van Ittersum, Martin/J-8024-2014 OI van Ittersum, Martin/0000-0001-8611-6781 CR Attonaty JM, 1999, COMPUT ELECTRON AGR, V22, P157, DOI 10.1016/S0168-1699(99)00015-0 BOS J, THESIS WAGENINGEN U Bossel H., 1999, INDICATORS SUSTAINAB Bossel H., 2000, ECOLOGICAL EC, V34, P337 Bouman B. A. M., 2000, Tools for land use analysis on different scales: with case studies for Costa Rica, P213 BROOKE A, GAMS USERS GUIDE Carsky RJ, 1999, NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS, V55, P95, DOI 10.1023/A:1009856032418 CIFOR, 1999, CRIT IND TOOLB SER Conway G. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 81 EP 97 DI 10.1080/13504500509469621 PG 17 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 946XG UT WOS:000230606000001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Azapagic, A Perdan, S AF Azapagic, A Perdan, S TI An integrated sustainability decision-support framework - Part I: Problem structuring SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sustainable development; decision making; multiple criteria decision analysis; systems approach; sustainability indicators; problem structuring AB One of the main goals in decision-making for sustainable development is to identify and choose the most sustainable option from among different alternatives. This process usually involves a large number of stakeholders with Multiple, often conflicting, objectives. Facilitating and resolving such difficult decision situations can be complex, so that a more formal and systematic approach to decision-making may be necessary. This two-part paper proposes an integrated multiple criteria decision-support framework specifically developed to provide systematic, step-by-step guidance to decision-makers. The framework, which is suitable for both corporate and public policy-making in the context of sustainable development, comprises three steps: problem structuring, problem analysis and problem resolution. In this paper, the focus is on problem structuring while Part 11 concentrates on problem analysis and resolution. Problem structuring includes identification of stakeholders, sustainability issues and indicators relevant for a particular decision problem. Sustainability indicators are used as decision criteria for identifying and choosing the most sustainable option. In the problem analysis step, decision makers articulate their preferences for different decision criteria. A suitable Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique, such as multi-objective optimisation, goal programming, value-based and outranking approaches, is then used to model the preferences. These techniques are discussed in Part 11, which also gives guidance oil the choice of the most appropriate MCDA method. Based on the outcome of preference modelling, which estimates the overall 'value' of each alternative being considered, decision-makers can then choose the 'best' or most sustainable option. Such an integrated decision-support framework is useful for providing structure to the debate, ensuring dialogue among decision-makers and showing trade-offs between conflicting objectives. In this way, it may be possible to create shared understanding about the issues, generate a sense of common purpose, and often, resolve 'difficult' decision problems. C1 Univ Surrey, Sch Engn, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. RP Azapagic, A (reprint author), Univ Surrey, Sch Engn, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. EM a.azapagic@surrey.ac.uk OI Azapagic, Adisa/0000-0003-2380-918X CR Azapagic A, 2003, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V81, P303, DOI 10.1205/095758203770224342 AZAPAGIC A, 2005, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, P12 BASSON L, 6 WORLD C CHEM ENG M Belton V., 2002, MULTIPLE CRITERIA DE, P372 Cohon J.L., 1978, MATH SCI ENG DEMONTIS A, 2002, C HUM CIT HUM SUST D *EC, EUR UN STRAT SUST DE Eden C, 1998, MAKING STRATEGY J ST Habermas J., 1990, MORAL CONSCIOUSNESS JACOBS M, 1997, VALUING NATURE EC ET Keeney R. L., 1976, DECISIONS MULTIPLE O MOLDAN B, 1997, SUSTAINABILITY INDIC Nunan F, 1999, EUROPEAN ENV, V9, P238 Perdan S., 2000, T ICHEME, V78, P243 PERDAN S, 1998, THESIS U SURREY GUIL SEPALA J, 2002, J IND ECOLOGY, V5, P45 STERN PC, 1994, J SOC ISSUES, V50, P65, DOI 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x STEWART TJ, 1992, OMEGA-INT J MANAGE S, V20, P569, DOI 10.1016/0305-0483(92)90003-P Von Winterfeldt D., 1986, DECISION ANAL BEHAV NR 19 TC 33 Z9 33 U1 3 U2 17 PU SAPIENS PUBLISHING PI DUMFRIESSHIRE PA DUNCOW, KIRKMAHOE, DUMFRIESSHIRE, DG1 1TA, ENGLAND SN 1350-4509 J9 INT J SUST DEV WORLD JI Int. J. Sustain. Dev. World Ecol. PD JUN PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 98 EP 111 DI 10.1080/13504500509469622 PG 14 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 946XG UT WOS:000230606000002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Azapagic, A Perdan, S AF Azapagic, A Perdan, S TI An integrated sustainability decision-support framework - Part II: Problem analysis SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND WORLD ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE sustainable development; decision-making; multiple criteria decision analysis; multi-attribute decision analysis; problem analysis ID LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT; OPTIMIZATION; DESIGN AB One of the main goals in decision-making for sustainable development is to identify and choose the most sustainable option among different alternatives. This process usually involves a large number of stakeholders with multiple, often conflicting objectives. Facilitating and resolving such difficult decision situations can be complex, so that a more formal and systematic approach to decision-making may be necessary. This paper proposes an integrated multiple criteria decision-support framework specifically developed to provide a systematic, step-by-step guidance to decision-makers. The framework, which is suitable for both corporate and public policy-making in the context of sustainable development, comprises three steps: problem structuring, problem analysis and problem resolution. This paper concentrates on problem analysis and resolution, where decision-makers articulate their preferences for different decision criteria. A suitable Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) technique, such as multi-objective optimisation, goal programming, value-based and outranking approaches, is then used to model the preferences. These techniques are discussed here in some detail, to provide guidance oil the choice of the most appropriate MCDA method. Based on the Outcome of preference modelling, which estimates the overall 'value' of each alternative being considered, decision-makers can then choose the 'best' or most sustainable option. Such an integrated decision-support framework is useful for providing structure to the debate, ensuring dialogue among decision-makers and showing trade-offs between conflicting objectives. In this way, it may be possible to create shared understanding about the issues, generate a sense of common purpose and, often, resolve 'difficult' decision problems. C1 Univ Surrey, Sch Engn, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. RP Azapagic, A (reprint author), Univ Surrey, Sch Engn, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. EM a.azapagic@surrey.ac.uk OI Azapagic, Adisa/0000-0003-2380-918X CR Alexander B, 2000, COMPUT CHEM ENG, V24, P1195, DOI 10.1016/S0098-1354(00)00356-2 Azapagic A, 2000, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V78, P243, DOI 10.1205/095758200530763 Azapagic A, 1999, COMPUT CHEM ENG, V23, P1509, DOI 10.1016/S0098-1354(99)00308-7 AZAPAGIC A, 2005, INT J SUST DEV WORLD, P12 Azapagic A., 1995, COMPUT CHEM ENG, V19, P229 AZAPAGIC A, 2001, KNOWLEDGE INCLUSIVE, P435 BASSON L, 2002, THESIS U SYDNEY AUST Basson L, 2001, 6 WORLD C CHEM ENG M Belton V., 2002, MULTIPLE CRITERIA DE, P372 COLSON G, 1998, MODELS METHODS MULTI DODGSON J, 2002, MULTI CRITERIA ANAL Floudas C. A., 1995, NONLINEAR MIXED INTE GRECO S, 1999, MULTICRITERIA DECISI, pCH14 Guitouni A, 1998, EUR J OPER RES, V109, P501, DOI 10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00073-3 Hwang C. L., 1981, MULTIPLE ATTRIBUTE D HWANG CL, 1980, COMPUT OPER RES, V7, P5, DOI 10.1016/0305-0548(80)90011-8 Janssen R., 1992, MULTIOBJECTIVE DECIS Keeney R. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 12 IS 2 BP 112 EP 131 DI 10.1080/13504500509469623 PG 20 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Ecology SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 946XG UT WOS:000230606000003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Cowlishaw, G Mendelson, S Rowcliffe, JM AF Cowlishaw, G Mendelson, S Rowcliffe, JM TI Evidence for post-depletion sustainability in a mature bushmeat market SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE bushmeat; extinction; Ghana; hunting; sustainable use ID COMMODITY CHAIN; WEST-AFRICA; RED COLOBUS; EXTINCTION; MAMMALS; FOREST; EXPLOITATION; BIODIVERSITY; AGRICULTURE; POPULATION AB 1. The trade in wild animals for meat, or 'bushmeat', is perceived as one of the most important threats to wildlife in the tropics. Unsustainable bushmeat extraction also threatens the loss of livelihoods. However, the long-term persistence of the bushmeat trade, documented in Africa over several centuries, suggests that the trade can be sustainable. In this study, we investigate sustainability in a mature bushmeat market in West Africa (Takoradi, Ghana). 2. Our study, conducted over January and February 2000, combined biological and socio-economic approaches. Offtake data, including information on species identity, capture location and sales price, were collected in a market survey. Species biological data, and the historical price of bushmeat and its substitutes (fish and domestic meat), were taken from the literature. The theoretical sustainable yield for each species was estimated using standard algorithms. 3. We tested the hypothesis that the current trade is unsustainable with four predictions: that (1) the number of animals extracted exceeds a theoretical sustainable yield, (2) larger taxa are depleted more heavily close to the city, (3) the price of bushmeat has outstripped inflation and (4) the price of alternatives, such as domestic meat and fish, has fallen relative to the price of bushmeat. None of these predictions were supported. There was therefore no evidence of unsustainability. 4. Analysis of market profiles and hunter reports suggest that the present pattern of sustainability is the result of a series of non-random extinctions from historical hunting. Vulnerable taxa (slow reproducers) have been depleted heavily in the past, so that only robust taxa (fast reproducers), such as rodents and small antelope, are now traded. These robust taxa are supplied from a predominantly agricultural landscape around the city. 5. Synthesis and applications. The bushmeat trade can have a severe impact on species that are vulnerable to overexploitation. However, once these species have disappeared, the remaining species may be harvested sustainably. Bushmeat management policy might therefore be improved by adopting a two-pronged approach in which vulnerable species are protected from hunting, but robust species are allowed to supply a sustainable trade. The productivity of agricultural landscapes for many bushmeat species indicates that these areas may play an important role in supporting a sustainable bushmeat trade. C1 Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, London NW1 4RY, England. RP Cowlishaw, G (reprint author), Zool Soc London, Inst Zool, Regents Pk, London NW1 4RY, England. EM guy.cowlishaw@ioz.ac.uk RI Rowcliffe, Marcus/G-3713-2018 OI Rowcliffe, Marcus/0000-0002-4286-6887 FU Natural Environment Research Council [NER/J/S/2000/00968] CR Alvard MS, 1997, CONSERV BIOL, V11, P977, DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1997.96047.x ASIBEY E. O. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 42 IS 3 BP 460 EP 468 DI 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01046.x PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 932VB UT WOS:000229581100005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Aaronson, S AF Aaronson, S TI "Minding our business": What the united states government has done and can do to ensure that US multinationals act responsibly in foreign markets SO JOURNAL OF BUSINESS ETHICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference on Voluntary Codes of Conduct for Multinational Corporations CY MAY 12-15, 2004 CL Zicklin Sch Business, Brauch Coll, New York, NY SP Int Ctr Corp Accountabil, World Bank Inst, Wharton Sch, Zicklin Ctr Business Ethics Res HO Zicklin Sch Business, Brauch Coll DE economic; foreign; global corporate social responsibility; human rights; labor standards; public policies; sustainability development; trade AB The United States Government does not mandate that US based firms follow US social and environmental law in foreign markets. However, because many developing countries do not have strong human rights, labor, and environmental laws, many multinationals have adopted voluntary corporate responsibility initiatives to self-regulate their overseas social and environmental practices. This article argues that voluntary actions, while important, are insufficient to address the magnitude of problems companies confront as they operate in developing countries where governance is often inadequate. The United States can do more to ensure that its multinationals act responsibly everywhere they operate. First, policymakers should define the social and environmental responsibilities of global companies. They must consistently make their expectations for global business clear - and underscore that this objective can often be accomplished without mandates. Second, the US should closely examine the policies that undermine global Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and address the many conflicting signals sent by policymakers. Third, the President should make the US government a CSR model by examining how to use its purchasing power to promote human rights. Finally, the US government should require pension funds to report on the social and environmental consequences of their investments. In these ways, Americans can mind our business - and thus make sure that US based firms do not undermine social and environmental progress when they operate in the developing world. C1 Univ N Carolina, Kenan Flagler Business Sch Globalizat Studies, Washington, DC 20004 USA. RP Aaronson, S (reprint author), Univ N Carolina, Kenan Flagler Business Sch Globalizat Studies, 1300 Penn Ave NW, Washington, DC 20004 USA. EM saaronson@kenan.org RI Caulfield, Paul/B-1196-2009 CR Aaronson S. A., 2002, J WORLD INVESTMENT, V3, P487 Aaronson S. 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Bus. Ethics PD JUN PY 2005 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 175 EP 198 DI 10.1007/s10551-005-3414-z PG 24 WC Business; Ethics SC Business & Economics; Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 951DC UT WOS:000230908200016 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Atici, C AF Atici, C TI Liberalization-goals trade-offs - Implications of agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries SO OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE policy goals; agricultural trade liberalization; agriculture in developing countries; globalization; global interest ID GLOBALIZATION; POLICIES; GROWTH; INSTRUMENTS; ENVIRONMENT; IDENTITIES; DEMOCRACY; CONTEXT; MEXICO; WORLD AB Equity, efficiency, security and liberty are the four main policy goals in a society. This paper examines the current trade-offs of these goals with agricultural trade liberalization for developing countries. Trade liberalization may cause contradictory results for developing countries. While trade liberalization may improve the welfare of a country, the distribution of income in that country may deteriorate. Efficiency, on the other hand, is another concept that depends not only on who defines it, but also on how it is defined. Liberalized trade may increase the efficient use of resources; however, it may also harm sustainability. Free trade may pave the way for liberty; however, new regional trading blocs may curtail the free choice of states, causing greater interdependence. Trade data over recent years show a decreasing share of total trade in developing countries despite an increase in the absolute value. Thus, liberalized trade in agriculture could help developing countries to achieve these universal goals if it were accompanied by decisive reforms and supported by international consciousness. C1 Adnan Menderes Univ, Dept Agr Econ, TR-09100 Aydin, Turkey. RP Atici, C (reprint author), Adnan Menderes Univ, Dept Agr Econ, TR-09100 Aydin, Turkey. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 34 IS 2 BP 83 EP 89 DI 10.5367/0000000054224364 PG 7 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 941FN UT WOS:000230200800004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Sharma, T Carmichael, J Klinkenberg, B AF Sharma, Tara Carmichael, Jeff Klinkenberg, Brian TI A SPATIALLY EXPLICIT MODELING APPROACH TO EXPLORE SCENARIOS OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE FUTURES SO PHOTONIRVACHAK-JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN SOCIETY OF REMOTE SENSING LA English DT Article AB The transition to agricultural sustainability involves difficult choices and an understanding of the complex trade-offs associated with agricultural activities. Decision support tools and techniques assist in making the informed decisions for a transition to sustainable agriculture. Georgia Basin - Quite Useful Ecosystem Scenario Tool (GB-QUEST) is a computer-based, user-friendly tool that has been developed to look at the future sustainability scenarios of the Georgia Basin in British Columbia. The objective of this paper is to describe the agricultural model that has been developed for implementation in GB-QUEST. We present its framework, spatial methodology for land-use simulation, and the initial results of its application. The agriculture model is a spatial model that examines the social, economic and environmental consequences of user-defined agricultural development strategies. The model simulates changes in the Georgia Basin from the year 2000 to 2040 in decadal steps. User choices of local and global development factors, along with their "worldview" choices, are important inputs in the model that determine the effects on environmental and socio-economic systems. The model has two components - Generation of land-use scenarios, and Development of Indicator models. The first component uses cell-based spatial algorithms to simulate likely changes/conversions in land-use up to the year 2040. The approach used here integrates the functionality of Multi-Criteria Evaluation (MCE) and Cellular Automata (CA) techniques in order to simulate the land-use conversions. It uses Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing techniques for creating, storing and deriving the data sets required for the model. The second component develops the indicator models for relating scenario variables to socio-economic and environmental variables such as physical and economic yields, economic operation costs and nutrient surplus per unit area. These indicator models are used to evaluate land-use scenarios generated by the users. The model encourages understanding of sustainability, by allowing one to explore different possible scenarios of the future for their environmental and socio-economic consequences. C1 [Sharma, Tara] Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. [Carmichael, Jeff; Klinkenberg, Brian] Univ British Columbia, Sustainable Dev Res Initiat, IRES, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. RP Sharma, T (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Dept Geog, 1984 W Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z2, Canada. EM Tara.Sharma@pc.gc.ca CR Alexandratos N., 1995, WORLD AGR 2010 FAO S *BCMAFF, 1999, FAST STATS AGR FOOD BIGGS D, 2000, TOOLS LINKING CHOICE *FBMP, 1997, AGR SUST FRAS BAS RE Francis C. A., 1990, SUSTAINABLE AGR TEMP JANKOWSKI P, 1995, INT J GEOGR INF SYST, V9, P251, DOI 10.1080/02693799508902036 Lillesand T. M., 1994, REMOTE SENSING IMAGE Power J. F., 1984, NITROGEN CROP PRODUC, P585 ROBINSON JB, 1999, ELECT SERIES INTEGRA Saaty T. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 33 IS 2 BP 353 EP 363 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Remote Sensing SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Remote Sensing GA V12SG UT WOS:000207618300024 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Elliott, SR AF Elliott, SR TI Sustainability: an economic perspective SO RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Annual Meeting of the Canadian-Society-for-Chemical-Engineering/Chemical-Institute-of-Canada/5 3rd Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference CY 2003 CL Hamilton, CANADA SP Canadian Soc Chem Engn, Chem Inst Canada DE sustainability; current consumption; future consumption AB The economic perspective of sustainability focuses on the trade off of current consumption for future consumption. This was the question that faced the economists of the late 19th century such as Malthus who noticed growth in the population outpaced that of food. Yet, Malthusian prediction of famine and disaster did not come to pass due to technological innovation. There was a substitution of created capital (machines) for natural capital (labor and land). Thus, whether created- and natural capital are substitute or complementary goods is key to sustainability. Many economists believe we can maintain current consumption and that technological innovation will take care of the needs of future generations. However other economists believe that created capital and natural capital are complementary goods; as we consume more created capital, we will also have to consume more natural capital. The relationship between natural and created capital has an impact on what policies and incentives we consider for the preservation of opportunities for future generations. If they are substitutes, current efforts need to focus on development of new technologies which will allow us to do more with less. If they are complements we need to consider efforts of preservation and conservation. We understand that we cannot have our cake and eat it too. The debate is whether we emphasize finding a new way to bake more cake, or carefully consume the cake we have. © 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Miami Univ, Dept Econ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. Miami Univ, Ctr Sustainable Syst Studies, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. RP Elliott, SR (reprint author), Miami Univ, Dept Econ, Oxford, OH 45056 USA. EM elliotsr@muohio.edu CR Bannock Graham, 1998, PENGUIN DICT EC BECKERMAN W, 1994, ENVIRON VALUE, V3, P191, DOI 10.3197/096327194776679700 Boulding K.E., 1966, ENV QUALITY GROWING ELLIOTT SR, 2004, TEACHING BUSINESS SU Goodstein E. S., 2002, EC ENV GORMAN M, 2005, RESOUR CONSERV RECYC Grossman G, 1995, EC SUSTAINABLE DEV KIRCHHOF M, 2005, RESOUR CONSERV RECYC Loucks OL, 1999, SUSTAINABILITY PERSP NICK H, 2001, INTRO ENV EC RONDON X, 2004, THESIS WILLIAM AM, 2000, MACROECONOMICS CONT NR 12 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 2 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-3449 J9 RESOUR CONSERV RECY JI Resour. Conserv. Recycl. PD JUN PY 2005 VL 44 IS 3 BP 263 EP 277 DI 10.1016/j.resconrec.2005.01.004 PG 15 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 932AJ UT WOS:000229526300006 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Daniels, PW Bryson, JR AF Daniels, PW Bryson, JR TI Sustaining business and professional services in a second city region SO SERVICE INDUSTRIES JOURNAL LA English DT Article ID FIRMS AB Few studies exist of the role of business and professional services (BPS) in second city regions that have experienced significant levels of deindustrialisation. The case for enhancing our understanding of the dynamics of BPS firms in the economy of a second city suggests that it is timely to explore their geography and structural dynamics outside global city regions. Structural and firm determinants of competitive advantage and disadvantage are identified and explored using the Birmingham city region (UK) as a case example employing evidence from a survey of BPS firms undertaken in 2002. The determinants of the sustainability of BPS firms in the context of Birmingham's position as the UK's second city, the growth of inter-regional trade in BPS, and the internationalisation of their markets is explored. C1 Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Serv Sector Res Unit, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. RP Daniels, PW (reprint author), Univ Birmingham, Sch Geog Earth & Environm Sci, Serv Sector Res Unit, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England. 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PD JUN PY 2005 VL 25 IS 4 BP 505 EP 524 DI 10.1080/02642060500092220 PG 20 WC Management SC Business & Economics GA 933PK UT WOS:000229645200007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Melia, P Gatto, M AF Melia, P Gatto, M TI A stochastic bioeconomic model for the management of clam farming SO ECOLOGICAL MODELLING LA English DT Article DE bivalve fanning; manila clam; Tapes philippinarum; rearing policies; bioeconomic models; environmental stochasticity; pareto analysis ID LAGOON-OF-VENICE; TAPES-PHILIPPINARUM; FLUCTUATING ENVIRONMENTS; CULTURE AB The Manila clam Tapes philippinarum is one of the most important commercial mollusc species in Europe. Intensive clam farming takes place in several coastal lagoons of the Northern Adriatic Sea, supporting local economy but raising the problem of the environmental sustainability of this activity. In this work, we propose a bioeconomic model that provides guidelines for an efficient management of intensive clam farming. Clam demography is described by a stochastic model of growth and survival, accounting for the effect of water temperature, seeding substratum and density dependence of vital rates. The model is calibrated on and applied to the case of Sacca di Goro, a lagoon located in the Po River Delta (Northern Italy). We consider two distinct management criteria: the optimisation of the marketable yield and the optimisation of monetary benefits, respectively. The use of a stochastic formulation allows us to reveal the existing trade-off between maximizing the median yield or profit and minimizing its variance. A Pareto analysis shows that seeding in spring or fall on sandy substrata and harvesting 18 months later provides the best compromise between these two contrasting objectives, maximizing profits while minimizing the associated uncertainty level. 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PD MAY 25 PY 2005 VL 184 IS 1 BP 163 EP 174 DI 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2004.11.011 PG 12 WC Ecology SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 918IR UT WOS:000228536000011 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ferng, JJ AF Ferng, JJ TI Local sustainable yield and embodied resources in ecological footprint analysis - a case study on the required paddy field in Taiwan SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE ecological footprint; embodied resources; hybrid-units input-output model; local sustainable yields; Paddy field ID INTERNATIONAL-TRADE; SOIL QUALITY; REGIONAL SUSTAINABILITY; ENERGY-COST; WHEAT; APPROPRIATION; INDICATORS; COMPONENT; SERVICES; SCIENCE AB Since the 1990s, ecological footprint (EF) analysis has been employed to discuss two important dimensions of sustainable development, intra- and inter-generational equity, from the perspective of ecosystem appropriation. When examining the equality of resource use among generations in the EF analysis, sustainable yield plays a crucial role; however, its value is assumed to be the same as that of average industrial yield, which does not reflect differential productivity and its value can be much higher than the sustainable one through over-exploitation practices. The estimated EF, as well as ecological deficits, would be underestimated, from which false policy implications could be drawn. Through a review of the literature on the relationships between yield, soil quality, and fanning practices, this paper suggests adopting a yield potential ranking system that was established by the government in Taiwan in 1991 through an 8-year field study. This ranking system served as a proxy for local sustainable yield in estimating the required paddy fields in Taiwan in 1996 under two scenarios. Scenario (1) concerned the required paddy fields for supporting the direct and indirect consumption of rice by Taiwan residents; Scenario (11) explored the additional area of paddy fields that would be needed when the food energy from cereals is provided exclusively by rice and the importing of rice is not possible. The results were then compared with the estimates when the average industrial yield of 1996 was used. A hybrid-units input-output modeling method was used to estimate the rice contained in manufactured products. The results of the scenario analysis shed light on the importance of preserving Taiwan's existing paddy fields for the sake of maintaining stable long-term food supply. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Natl Taipei Univ, Dept Real Estate & Built Environm, Taipei 10433, Taiwan. RP Ferng, JJ (reprint author), Natl Taipei Univ, Dept Real Estate & Built Environm, Taipei 10433, Taiwan. 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Econ. PD MAY 15 PY 2005 VL 53 IS 3 BP 415 EP 430 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.11.010 PG 16 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 934PS UT WOS:000229721300010 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Hayward, K AF Hayward, K TI Trade disputes in the commercial aircraft industry: A background note SO AERONAUTICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article AB The long-running debate between the US and the EU over government supports for large commercial aircraft has recently boiled over into a major dispute involving the World Trade Organisation (WTO). While the two sides have currently backed off from what could be a very damaging WTO outcome, there are still wide differences over the legitimacy of government supports (direct or indirect) for Airbus and Boeing airliners. This paper: Describes the background to the current dispute. Analyses the 1992 US-EU Agreement on Large Aircraft Subsidies. Outlines the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and the decision by the US to mount an action under the WTO complaints procedures against launch investment for Airbus and the EU's counter claim against Boeing. Considers the precedents set by the WTO rulings on the Brazilian-Canadian dispute over regional jet supports. Summarises the US-EU complaints to the WTO. Considers potential outcomes and the implications for the civil aerospace industry on both sides of the Atlantic. Analyses the wider issues surrounding government intervention in the aerospace sector. The paper views the dispute as a reflection of fundamental differences, based primarily on divergent economic doctrines and values, between the US and the EU states. There could be especially damaging consequences for the EU should the WTO rule against the systems of repayable launch investment used by the Airbus governments. But both sides could lose heavily from the affair and there is a good case for maintaining some form of direct government intervention in civil aerospace technology acquisition, even near market research, in support of environmental sustainability objectives. C1 Royal Aeronaut Soc, London, England. RP Hayward, K (reprint author), Royal Aeronaut Soc, London, England. 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PD APR PY 2005 VL 109 IS 1094 BP 157 EP 166 DI 10.1017/S000192400000066X PG 10 WC Engineering, Aerospace SC Engineering GA 935YV UT WOS:000229820200001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Bulte, EH Barbier, EB AF Bulte, EH Barbier, EB TI Trade and renewable resources in a second best world: An overview SO ENVIRONMENTAL & RESOURCE ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th Annual Conference of the European-Association-of-Environmental-and-Resource-Economists CY JUN 28-30, 2003 CL Bilbao, SPAIN SP European Assoc Environm & Resource Economists DE natural resource management; sustainability; trade and property rights; trade liberalization and environment; WTO ID ENVIRONMENTAL-POLICY; INTERNATIONAL-TRADE; FISHERY LINKAGES; PROPERTY-RIGHTS; RENT-SEEKING; FREE ACCESS; CORRUPTION; COUNTRIES; ECONOMICS; ENFORCEMENT AB We provide an overview and introduction to the emerging field of trade and renewable resources, and discuss the potential impact of trade liberalization on welfare and resource conservation. A key factor determining the effect of trade reform is the institutional context or property rights regime, and our survey is organized such that it loosely follows the development of new insights with respect to institutions in this literature. This implies a transition from the benevolent planner's model to the polar opposite benchmark of open access in the 1990s. Currently the pendulum is swinging back towards management and regulation, but institutions are treated as endogenous. We discuss and compare various key models in some detail and search for common ground between protagonists and antagonists of free trade. C1 Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. Univ Wyoming, Dept Econ & Finance, Laramie, WY 82071 USA. RP Bulte, EH (reprint author), Tilburg Univ, Dept Econ, POB 90153, NL-5000 LE Tilburg, Netherlands. EM E.H.Bulte@uvt.nl OI Bulte, Erwin/0000-0001-9491-5268 CR Anderson K, 1992, GREENING WORLD TRADE Baland J. 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PD APR PY 2005 VL 30 IS 4 BP 423 EP 463 DI 10.1007/s10640-004-5022-2 PG 41 WC Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 907GD UT WOS:000227703000004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Soderqvist, T Eggert, H Olsson, B Soutukorva, A AF Soderqvist, T Eggert, H Olsson, B Soutukorva, A TI Economic valuation for sustainable development in the Swedish coastal zone SO AMBIO LA English DT Article ID ECOSYSTEM SERVICES; BALTIC SEA; MANAGEMENT; BENEFITS; WETLANDS; ECOLOGY; GOODS AB The Swedish coastal zone is a scene of conflicting interests about various goods and services provided by nature. Open-access conditions and the public nature of many services increase the difficulty in resolving these conflicts. "Sustainability" is a vague but widely accepted guideline for finding reasonable trade-offs between different interests. The UN view of sustainable development suggests that coastal zone management should aim at a sustainable ecological, economic, and social-cultural development. Looking closer at economic sustainability, it is observed that economic analyses about whether changes in society imply a gain or a loss should take into account the economic value of the environment. Methods used for making such economic valuation in the context of the Swedish coastal zone are briefly reviewed. It is noted that the property rights context matters for the results of a valuation study. This general background is followed by a concise presentation of the design and results of four valuation studies on Swedish coastal zone issues. One study is on the economic value of an improved bathing water quality in the Stockholm archipelago. The other studies are a travel cost study about the economic value of improved recreational fisheries in the Stockholm archipelago, a replacement cost study on the value of restoring habitats for sea trout, and a choice experiment study on the economic value of improved water quality along the Swedish westcoast. C1 Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. Univ Gothenburg, Dept Econ, SE-40530 Gothenburg, Sweden. RP Soderqvist, T (reprint author), Royal Swedish Acad Sci, Beijer Int Inst Ecol Econ, Box 50005, SE-10405 Stockholm, Sweden. 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Although considered by many as superstition, the pertinence of traditional medicine based on animals cannot be denied since they have been methodically tested by pharmaceutical companies as sources of drugs to the modem medical science. The phenomenon of zootherapy represents a strong evidence of the medicinal use of animal resources. Indeed. drug companies and agribusiness firms have been evaluating animals for decades without paying anything to the countries from where these genetic resources are found. The use of animals' body parts as folk medicines is relevant because it implies additional pressure over critical wild populations. It is argued that many animal species have been overexploited as sources of medicines for the traditional trade. Additionally, animal populations have become depleted or endangered as a result of their use as experimental subjects or animal models. Research on zootherapy should be compatible with the welfare of the medicinal animals. and the use of their by-products should be done in a sustainable way. It is discussed that sustainability is now required as the guiding principle for biological conservation. C1 Univ Estadual Feira Santana, Dept Ciencias Biol, BR-11644031 Feira De Santana, Bahia, Brazil. RP Costa-Neto, EM (reprint author), Univ Estadual Feira Santana, Dept Ciencias Biol, Km 03, BR-11644031 Feira De Santana, Bahia, Brazil. 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Acad. Bras. Cienc. PD MAR PY 2005 VL 77 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 DI 10.1590/S0001-37652005000100004 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 892PT UT WOS:000226663200004 PM 15692677 OA DOAJ Gold DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Schlaepfer, MA Hoover, C Dodd, CK AF Schlaepfer, MA Hoover, C Dodd, CK TI Challenges in evaluating the impact of the trade in amphibians and reptiles on wild populations SO BIOSCIENCE LA English DT Article DE trade; harvest; sustainability; amphibians; reptiles ID CONSERVATION; CHAMELEONS; DECLINES; SNAKE AB Amphibians and reptiles are taken from the wild and sold commercially as food, pets, and traditional medicines. The overcollecting of some species highlights the need to assess the trade and ensure that it is not contributing to declines in wild populations. Unlike most countries, the United States tracks the imports and exports of all amphibians and reptiles. Records from 1998 to 2002 reveal a US trade of several million wild-caught amphibians and reptiles each year, although many shipments are not recorded at the species level. The magnitude and content of the global commercial trade carries even greater unknowns. The absence of accurate trade and biological information for most species makes it difficult to establish whether current take levels are sustainable. The void of information also implies that population declines due to overcollecting could be going undetected. Policy changes to acquire baseline biological information and ensure a sustainable trade are urgently needed. C1 Univ Texas, Dept Integrat Biol, Austin, TX 78712 USA. Cornell Univ, Dept Nat Resources, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. Cornell Univ, Field Ecol & Evolutionary Biol, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA. TRAFFIC N Amer, World Wildlife Fund, Washington, DC 20037 USA. US Geol Survey, Florida Integrated Sci Ctr, Gainesville, FL 32653 USA. RP Schlaepfer, MA (reprint author), Univ Texas, Dept Integrat Biol, 1 Univ Stn C0930,Patterson Hall, Austin, TX 78712 USA. 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However, current ridership of public transit is very low in most urban regions-particularly those in the United States. Low transit ridership can be attributed to many factors, among which poor service quality is key. Transit service quality may potentially be improved by decreasing the number of service stops, but this would be likely to reduce access coverage. Improving transit service quality while maintaining adequate access coverage is a challenge facing public transit agencies. In this paper we propose a multiple-route, maximal covering/shortest-path model to address the trade-off between public transit service quality and access coverage in an established bus-based transit system. The model is applied to routes in Columbus, Ohio. Results show that it is possible to improve transit service quality by eliminating redundant or underutilized service stops. C1 Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. Ohio State Univ, Dept Geog, Columbus, OH 43210 USA. RP Wu, CS (reprint author), Univ Wisconsin, Dept Geog, POB 413, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA. 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Plan. B-Plan. Des. PD MAR PY 2005 VL 32 IS 2 BP 163 EP 178 DI 10.1068/b31104 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 921FI UT WOS:000228749200003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Garcia, SM Grainger, RJR AF Garcia, SM Grainger, RJR TI Gloom and doom? The future of marine capture fisheries SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE future; governance; scenarios; fisheries; sustainability ID WORLD FISHERIES; NORTH-SEA; MANAGEMENT; TRENDS; FOOD AB Predicting global fisheries is a high-order challenge but predictions have been made and updates are needed. Past forecasts, present trends and perspectives of key parameters of the fisheries-including potential harvest, state of stocks, supply and demand, trade, fishing technology and governance-are reviewed in detail, as the basis for new forecasts and forecasting performance assessment. The future of marine capture fisheries will be conditioned by the political, social and economic evolution of the world within which they operate. Consequently, recent global scenarios for the future world are reviewed, with the emphasis on fisheries. The main driving forces (e.g. global economic development, demography, environment, public awareness, information technology, energy, ethics) including aquaculture are described. Outlooks are provided for each aspect of the fishery sector. The conclusion puts these elements in perspective and offers the authors' personal interpretation of the possible future pathway of fisheries, the uncertainty about it and the still unanswered questions of direct relevance in shaping that future. C1 FAO, Dept Fisheries, I-00100 Rome, Italy. RP Garcia, SM (reprint author), FAO, Dept Fisheries, Viale Terme Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy. 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PD JAN 29 PY 2005 VL 360 IS 1453 BP 21 EP 46 DI 10.1098/rstb.2004.1580 PG 26 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 904RF UT WOS:000227514700004 PM 15713587 OA Green Published DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Quinn, TJ Collie, JS AF Quinn, TJ Collie, JS TI Sustainability in single-species population models SO PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT World Conference on the Scientific and Technical Bases for the Sustainability of Fisheries CY NOV 26-30, 2001 CL Univ Miami, Miami, FL HO Univ Miami DE sustainability; single-species; population; model; fishery; management ID BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE POINTS; FISH STOCKS; FISHERIES; RECRUITMENT; DYNAMICS; POLICIES; PERSPECTIVE; IMPROVEMENT; RECOVERY; IMPACTS AB In this paper, we review the concept of sustainability with regard to a single-species, age-structured fish population with density dependence at some stage of its life history. We trace the development of the view of sustainability through four periods. The classical view of sustainability, prevalent in the 1970s and earlier, developed from deterministic production models, in which equilibrium abundance or biomass is derived as a function of fishing mortality. When there is no fishing mortality, the population equilibrates about its carrying capacity. We show that carrying capacity is the result of reproductive and mortality processes and is not a fixed constant unless these processes are constant. There is usually a fishing mortality, F-msy, which results in MSY, and a higher value, F-ext, for which the population is eventually driven to extinction. For each F between 0 and F-ext, there is a corresponding sustainable population. From this viewpoint, the primary tool for achieving sustainability is the control of fishing mortality. The neoclassical view of sustainability, developed in the 1980s, involved population models with depensation and stochasticity. This viewpoint is in accord with the perception that a population at a low level is susceptible to collapse or to a lack of rebuilding regardless of fishing. Sustainability occurs in a more restricted range from that in the classical view and includes an abundance threshold. A variety of studies has suggested that fishing mortality should not let a population drop below a threshold at 10-20% of carrying capacity. The modem view of sustainability in the 1990s moves further in the direction of precaution. The fishing mortality limit is the former target of Fmsy (or some proxy), and the target fishing mortality is set lower. This viewpoint further reduces the range of permissible fishing mortalities and resultant desired population sizes. The objective has shifted from optimizing long-term catch to preserving spawning biomass and egg production for the future. The use of discount rates in objective functions involving catch is not a suitable alternative to protecting reproductive value. As we move into the post-modem time period, new definitions of sustainability will attempt to incorporate the economic and social aspects of fisheries and/or ecosystem and habitat requirements. These definitions now involve 'warm and fuzzy' notions (healthy ecosystems and fishing communities, the needs of future generations, diverse fish communities) and value judgements of desired outcomes. Additional work is needed to make these definitions operational and to specify quantitative objectives to be achieved. In addition, multiple objectives may be incompatible, so trade-offs in what constitutes sustainability must be made. The advances made under the single-species approach should not be abandoned in the post-modem era, but rather enhanced and combined with new approaches in the multi-species and economic realms. C1 Univ Alaska Fairbanks, Juneau Ctr, Sch Fisheries & Ocean Sci, Juneau, AK 99801 USA. Univ Rhode Isl, Grad Sch Oceanog, Narragansett, RI 02882 USA. 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PD JAN 29 PY 2005 VL 360 IS 1453 BP 147 EP 162 DI 10.1098/rstb.2004.1577 PG 16 WC Biology SC Life Sciences & Biomedicine - Other Topics GA 904RF UT WOS:000227514700012 PM 15713594 OA Green Published DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Jansen, HGP Bouman, BAM Schipper, RA Hengsdijk, H Nieuwenhuyse, A AF Jansen, HGP Bouman, BAM Schipper, RA Hengsdijk, H Nieuwenhuyse, A TI An interdisciplinary approach to regional land use analysis using GIS, with applications to the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica SO AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Costa Rica; GIS; interdisciplinary; land use analysis; linear programming ID QUANTIFICATION; SYSTEMS; TROPICS; MODELS; IMPACT; INPUT AB Policy makers and other stakeholders concerned with regional rural development increasingly face the need for instruments that can improve transparency in the policy debate and that enhance understanding of opportunities for and limitations to development. To this end, a methodology called SOLUS (Sustainable Options for Land Use) was developed by an interdisciplinary team of scientists over a 10-year period in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. The main tools of SOLUS include a linear programming (LP) model, two expert systems that define technical coefficients for a large number of production activities, and a geographic information system (GIS). A five-step procedure was developed for GIS to spatially reference biophysical and economic parameters, to create input for the expert systems and the LP model, to store and spatially reference model output data, and to create maps of both model input and output data. SOLUS can be used to evaluate the potential effects of alternative policies and incentive structures on the performance of the agricultural sector. A number of practical applications demonstrate SOLUS's capability to quantify trade-offs between economic objectives (income, employment) and environmental sustainability (soil nutrient balances, pesticide use, greenhouse gas emissions). GIS-created maps visualize the spatial aspects of such trade-offs and indicate hotspots where local goals may conflict with regional goals. C1 IFPRI, Washington, DC USA. Agr Econ Res Inst, The Hague, Netherlands. Wageningen Univ, Dept Social Sci, Dev Econ Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands. Wageningen Univ, Dept Social Sci, Dev Econ Grp, Wageningen, Netherlands. PRI Wageningen UR, Wageningen, Netherlands. RP Jansen, HGP (reprint author), IFPRI, Washington, DC USA. 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Econ. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 32 IS 1 BP 87 EP 104 DI 10.1111/j.0169-5150.2005.00007.x PG 18 WC Agricultural Economics & Policy; Economics SC Agriculture; Business & Economics GA 892CV UT WOS:000226628200007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU D'haeze, D Deckers, J Raes, D Phong, TA Loi, HV AF D'haeze, D Deckers, J Raes, D Phong, TA Loi, HV TI Environmental and socio-economic impacts of institutional reforms on the agricultural sector of Vietnam Land suitability assessment for Robusta coffee in the Dak Gan region SO AGRICULTURE ECOSYSTEMS & ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Robusta coffees; irrigation; institutional reforms; agro-ecological decline; Vietnam ID IRRIGATION AB After the reunion of North and South Vietnam in 1975, the area under small-holder, irrigated cultivation of Robusta coffee increased by a factor of 10 in the Central Highlands. The actual coffee acreage in Dak Lak province is estimated to be over 260,000 ha, representing 60% of the national production, with 405,000 t year(-1) for the world market. Vietnam is presently the second largest exporter worldwide and expansion is still going on. In cooperation with the National Institute for Agricultural Planning and Projection (NIAPP), a 5-year development project "Land Evaluation for Land Use Planning and Development of Sustainable Agriculture in the Central Highlands of South Vietnam" was set up, with a goal of diagnosing the sustainability of the rapidly expanding Robusta coffee sector in Central Vietnam. This paper describes the reasons for this quick expansion and investigates the consequences in ecological and social terms. This is done based on a large-scale natural resources inventory, land suitability analysis for Robusta coffee and participatory rural appraisal combined with secondary statistical records from Dak Gan commune. It is representative of the Central Highlands in terms of geomorphological and pedological variability, ethnic identity and with regard to trade-offs between forest conservation and coffee expansion at the cost of available water stocks. Local institutional reforms in the eighties have accelerated coffee expansion in three ways: demographic resettlement, socio-economic liberalization and legislation towards land ownership. Interaction between these three factors has induced a second spontaneous migration flow towards the Highlands in the nineties. Forest area declined by 19% and was converted to coffee plantations, encouraged by the high economic return of this cash crop. The results indicate that this has happened in an haphazard manner and led to a mismatch between the present land use pattern and the natural resource base. Unsustainable land use manifests itself at four levels. (i) The areal limits for sustainable coffee production have been exceeded. (ii) As a consequence over 74% of the present coffee stand is situated on sub-optimal land units. (iii) An excessive coffee area in combination with over-irrigation is likely to deplete groundwater resources. (iv) And paradoxically 24.3% of suitable soils for coffee production is still under forest in Dak Gan. In turn this leads to large-scale environmental and socio-economic decline: soil erosion, water scarcity and social inequity resulting in conflicts between migrants and the indigenous tribes. Besides local reforms, world trade liberalization changed the global coffee market in the late nineties from a regulated system to a free trade market. This fostered global oversupply, which in combination with a stagnant coffee demand suppressed the world market price. Since Vietnam became the second world producer of Robusta, prices have declined by a factor of 3, not only affecting the local sector but households worldwide. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. 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Ecosyst. Environ. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 105 IS 1-2 BP 59 EP 76 DI 10.1016/j.agee.2004.05.009 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Ecology; Environmental Sciences SC Agriculture; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 881DL UT WOS:000225843500006 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Elmqvist, B Olsson, L Elamin, EM Warren, A AF Elmqvist, B Olsson, L Elamin, EM Warren, A TI A traditional agroforestry system under threat: an analysis of the gum arabic market and cultivation in the Sudan SO AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Acacia senegal; crop prices; international market; Kordofan; Sahel ID ACACIA-SENEGAL; SOIL AB The main aim of this study is to review the environmental and socioeconomic sustainability of the gum arabic farming system in central Sudan. A further aim is to analyse some of the main factors influencing production in recent decades in order to understand the future trade potential and consequently the smallholder livelihood. The study shows that end-user imports of gum arabic have increased during recent decades. Gum arabic is mainly for uses such as soft drinks, confectionary, and pharmaceuticals. However, even with this increased demand the production in Sudan, the main country of production, is declining. The producers, mainly smallholders, suger from fluctuating prices. If the gum arabic farming system should be able to provide the environmental benefits of improved soil fertility and the socioeconomic benefits of risk spreading and dry season income opportunities, the prices paid to smallholders must be stabilized at a fair level, otherwise a shift to other crops or practices might take place. C1 Lund Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. Lund Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Lund, Sweden. UCL, Dept Geog, London, England. RP Elmqvist, B (reprint author), Lund Univ, Ctr Environm Studies, Box 170, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. EM bodil.elmqvist@miclu.lu.se OI Olsson, Lennart/0000-0001-8353-1074 CR AHMED MEN, 1999, SOCIOECONOMIC ROLE A ANDERSON DMW, 1993, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V58, P1, DOI 10.1016/0378-1127(93)90127-9 Badi K. H. M., 1989, FOREST SUDAN Barbier EB, 2000, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V82, P355, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(00)00237-1 BERNHARDREVERSAT F, 1982, OIKOS, V38, P321, DOI 10.2307/3544672 CHIKAMAI BN, 1996, REV PRODUCTION MARKE Deans JD, 1999, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V124, P153, DOI 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00063-8 ELDIN AGS, 1995, REPORT INT EXPERT CO, P465 ELKHALIFA MD, 1989, GUM ARABIC REHABILIT, V3 ELTAHIR BA, 2004, INFLUENCE ACACIA SEN, V12, P127 FREUDENBERGER MS, 1993, DEFENSE LIVELIHOOD C, P231 GERAKIS PA, 1970, PLANT SOIL, V33, P81, DOI 10.1007/BF01378198 IBRAHIM AM, 2001, GUMS RESINS PRODUCTI, P43 JAMAL A, 1993, AGROFOREST SYST, V23, P23, DOI 10.1007/BF00704849 LARSON BA, 1991, WORLD DEV, V19, P1289, DOI 10.1016/0305-750X(91)90074-R LEMENIH M, 2003, J ARID ENVIRON, V5, P465 Mohie el Deen F.A., 1991, ITC J, V1, P3 Olsson L, 2002, AMBIO, V31, P471, DOI 10.1639/0044-7447(2002)031[0471:SCSIDS]2.0.CO;2 OLSSON L, 1993, AMBIO, V22, P395 PEARCE D, 1988, GEOJOURNAL, V17, P349 *US FED REG, 1997, EX ORD 13067 BLOCK S NR 21 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 0 U2 15 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4366 J9 AGROFOREST SYST JI Agrofor. Syst. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 64 IS 3 BP 211 EP 218 DI 10.1007/s10457-004-2371-3 PG 8 WC Agronomy; Forestry SC Agriculture; Forestry GA 945HC UT WOS:000230492600004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU O'Connor, MH McFarlane, M Fisher, J MacRae, D Lefroy, T AF O'Connor, MH McFarlane, M Fisher, J MacRae, D Lefroy, T TI The Avon River Basin in 2050: scenario planning in the Western Australian Wheatbelt SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE water for a Healthy Country flagship; grainbelt; community planning AB Scenario planning was used to identify issues and drivers of change that are relevant to community efforts to improve regional prospects in the Western Australian Wheatbelt. The region, some 20 million hectares in area, is under pressure to respond to a variety of environmental ( salinity, erosion, acidification, biodiversity decline), economic ( declining agricultural terms of trade), and social forces ( rural decline, isolation). Regional strategic plans have been increasingly seen as the means of achieving sustainability in the face of these challenges, but until recently typically had single-activity outlook and timeframes of up to a decade into the future. Systematic futures-based research has been used in various regions to avoid reliance on business-as-usual as the default strategy, and to identify opportunities and challenges not presently apparent. The Avon River Basin, the central region of the Wheatbelt, was selected as the geographic focus of the project, and the time horizon was set at 2050. The project was developed by a group of 50 stakeholders from the basin, with expertise and strategic interests across a wide range of economic, social, and environmental themes. Through a series of workshops the stakeholders identified critical issues and their attendant drivers, then documented relevant past trends. Four regional scenarios, Saline Growth, Grain and Drain, Landcare Bounty, and Harmony with Prosperity, were developed based on positive and negative combinations of 2 clusters of uncertain and important drivers: environmental change and access to new markets. Common opportunities, threats, and critical success factors for the Avon River Basin region out to 2050 were also identified. We also found that the stakeholders have a tendency to strive for positive outcomes despite negative initial conditions. This resulted in 4 scenarios that were superficially similar due to the regional scale of analysis and the continuation of agricultural industries as significant shapers of economy, society, and environment. However, each scenario represents profoundly different outcomes for the residents and communities of the Avon River Basin in 2050. The triple-bottom line outcomes for the Avon River Basin in 2050 were estimated to be in the range 4.9 - 9.7 Mt of wheat ( currently 4.0), 46 000 - 66 000 people ( currently 43 000), and 10 - 30% of farmland salinised ( currently 6). The application of these results to other regions in Australia is discussed. C1 CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia. Dept Agr, Northam, WA 6401, Australia. APT Business Serv Pty Ltd, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. RP O'Connor, MH (reprint author), CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Private Bag 5, Floreat, WA 6014, Australia. EM Michael.O'Connor@csiro.au RI Lefroy, Ted/J-7144-2014 OI Lefroy, Ted/0000-0002-3164-8948 CR *AUSTR BUR STAT, 1996, CENS POP HOUS *AUSTR BUS FDN, 2000, ALT FUT BUS AUSTR YE *AUSTR URS, 2003, IND REG DEV W AUSTR Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2001, CENS POP HOUS *AV CATCHM COUNC, 2004, AV NRM STRAT REG RES BARTLE JR, 2002, P AUSTR FOR GROW 200, P243 Cocks K. D., 2003, DEEP FUTURES OUR PRO *CSIRO, 2004, AV RIV BAS 2050 WAT de Jouvenel H, 2000, TECHNOL FORECAST SOC, V65, P37, DOI 10.1016/S0040-1625(99)00123-7 ENECON PL, 2001, PUBLICATION RURAL IN *GOV W AUSTR, 2001, AV ARC AV ARC SUBR S *GOV W AUSTR, 2002, 4 GOV W AUSTR Grains Research and Development Corporation, 2004, SINGL VIS AUSTR GRAI Harper P, 2000, FUTURES, V32, P361, DOI 10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00102-0 Hulse D. W., 2002, WILLIAMETTE RIVER BA KEIGHERY G, 2001, DEALING SALINITY WHE, P1 Murray- Darling Basin Ministerial Council, 2001, INT CATCHM MAN MURR Myers N, 2000, NATURE, V403, P853, DOI 10.1038/35002501 O'Connor M.N., 2004, AVON RIVER BASIN 205 Schwartz P., 1996, ART LONG VIEW PATHS Schwartz Peter, 2000, LONG BOOM VISION COM Tindale NB, 1974, ABORIGINAL TRIBES AU Viney NR, 2001, HYDROL PROCESS, V15, P2671, DOI 10.1002/hyp.301 *W AUSTR TECHN IND, 2000, DRIV SHAP EC DEV W A *WAT RIV COMM AV R, 1999, RIV REC PLAN SER RRP, V1 WEIGALL F, 1996, SHAPING FUTURE 1997 *WHEATB DEV COMM, 2001, WHEATB EC PERSP UPD 2003, W AUSTR 0806 NR 28 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 9 PU C S I R O PUBLISHING PI COLLINGWOOD PA 150 OXFORD ST, PO BOX 1139, COLLINGWOOD, VICTORIA 3066, AUSTRALIA SN 0004-9409 J9 AUST J AGR RES JI Aust. J. Agric. Res. PY 2005 VL 56 IS 6 BP 563 EP 580 DI 10.1071/AR04195 PG 18 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 938UJ UT WOS:000230028600004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Cullen, BR Chapman, DF Quigley, PE AF Cullen, BR Chapman, DF Quigley, PE TI Persistence of Phalaris aquatica in grazed pastures - 1. Plant and tiller population characteristics SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article ID RYEGRASS LOLIUM-PERENNE; NEW-SOUTH-WALES; SHEEP; MORPHOLOGY; DENSITY; SWARD; SOIL; MANAGEMENT; SUSTAINABILITY; PRODUCTIVITY AB Phalaris tiller and plant population characteristics were monitored in sown Australian phalaris-subterranean clover pastures over 3 seasons (1999-2001) to determine the impact of fertiliser and grazing method on phalaris persistence in south-western Victoria. Four grazing systems were tested: set-stocked, low phosphorus ( P) fertiliser input ( SS low P); set-stocked, high P fertiliser input ( SS high P); simple rotation, high P (RG 4 paddock); and intensive rotation, high P ( RG intensive). Within each year there was no significant difference in tiller density (tillers/m(2)) between the grazing systems. Phalaris tiller density declined (P<0.05) on all treatments from June 1999 to June 2001. There was a significant effect of grazing method on tiller size (mg/tiller); tillers growing under rotational grazing systems were much larger than those in set-stocked systems. There was some evidence of tiller size density compensation across the grazing management treatments; however, the slope of the trade-off between tiller size and density was not as steep as those reported for other species. In general, the phalaris tiller populations under rotationally grazed treatments were characterised by lower density per m(2) of phalaris clump and larger size, compared with the set-stocked treatments. Both the phalaris tiller and clump density declined at a similar rate on all treatments during this experiment, suggesting that there was some limitation to phalaris persistence irrespective of grazing system. Measured leaf appearance intervals (days/leaf) indicated that a lack of tillering sites was not a contributing factor in the observed tiller density decline. It is likely that the combination of high grazing pressure, below average rainfall and subsoil acidity contributed to the observed phalaris population decline. C1 Univ Melbourne, Inst Land & Food Resources, Sch Agr & Food Syst, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. Primary Ind Res Victoria, Dept Primary Ind, Hamilton, Vic 3300, Australia. RP Cullen, BR (reprint author), CSIRO Sustainable Ecosyst, Queensland Biosci Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4067, Australia. EM brendan.cullen@csiro.au OI Cullen, Brendan/0000-0003-2327-0946 CR BIRCHAM JS, 1983, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V38, P323, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01656.x BROCK JL, 1988, J AGR SCI, V111, P273, DOI 10.1017/S0021859600083210 BROCK JL, 1993, J AGR SCI, V120, P301, DOI 10.1017/S0021859600076462 Brock JL, 1996, J AGR SCI, V126, P37, DOI 10.1017/S0021859600088791 Chapman D.F., 1984, P NZ GRASSLAND ASS, V45, P168 Chapman DF, 2003, AUST J EXP AGR, V43, P785, DOI 10.1071/EA02198 CLIFTON CA, 1997, P GRASSL SOC VICT 38, P41 COSTIN AB, 1980, AUST J AGR RES, V31, P533, DOI 10.1071/AR9800533 COX JW, 1998, 3898 CSIRO LAND WAT Cullen BR, 2005, AUST J EXP AGR, V45, P49, DOI 10.1071/EA03228 Culvenor RA, 1996, AUST J EXP AGR, V36, P287, DOI 10.1071/EA9960287 CURLL ML, 1982, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V37, P291, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1982.tb01609.x Dolling PJ, 2001, AUST J AGR RES, V52, P305, DOI 10.1071/AR99167 FULKERSON WJ, 1995, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V50, P16, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1995.tb02289.x *GENST 5 COMM, 1997, GENST 5 REL 4 REF MA Gilmour A.R., 1997, ASREML GRANT SA, 1983, GRASS FORAGE SCI, V38, P333, DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2494.1983.tb01657.x HAMILTON NRS, 1995, ANN BOT-LONDON, V76, P569, DOI 10.1006/anbo.1995.1134 HILL BD, 1985, AUST J EXP AGR, V25, P832, DOI 10.1071/EA9850832 Hume D. 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PY 2005 VL 45 IS 1 BP 41 EP 48 DI 10.1071/EA03227 PG 8 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 899DL UT WOS:000227125000004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Ding, GKC AF Ding, GKC TI Developing a multicriteria approach for the measurement of sustainable performance SO BUILDING RESEARCH AND INFORMATION LA English DT Article DE cost-benefit analysis (CBA); decision support system; environmental assessment; project appraisal; project assessment; sustainability index; sustainable development ID COST-BENEFIT-ANALYSIS; DECISION-ANALYSIS; PROJECT APPRAISAL; ENVIRONMENT; ENERGY; CONSTRUCTION; INDEX; GREEN; UK AB In Australia, cost-benefit analysis (CBA) is one of the conventional tools used widely by the public and the private sectors in the appraisal of projects. It measures and compares the total costs and benefits of projects that are competing for scarce resources in monetary terms. Growing concerns that the values of environmental goods and services are often ignored or underestimated in the CBA approach have led to the overuse and depletion of environmental assets. A model of a sustainability index as an evaluation tool that combines economic. social and environmental criteria into an indexing algorithm is presented and described. The sustainability index uses monetary and non-monetary approaches to rank projects and facilities on their contribution to sustainability. This process enables the principle of trade-off to occur in the decision-making process and thereby allows environmental values to be considered when selecting a development option. This makes it possible to optimize financial return. maximize resource consumption and minimize detrimental effects to the natural and man-made world. A case study is used to demonstrate the model. C1 Univ Technol, Fac Design Archiecture & Bldg, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. RP Ding, GKC (reprint author), Univ Technol, Fac Design Archiecture & Bldg, POB 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia. EM grace.ding@uts.edu.au CR Abelson P, 1996, PROJECT APPRAISAL VA *AUSTR I QUANT SUR, 2002, AUSTR COST MAN MAN, V3 Azqueta D., 1992, Development Policy Review, V10, P255, DOI 10.1111/j.1467-7679.1992.tb00015.x Ball J, 2002, BUILD ENVIRON, V37, P421, DOI 10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00031-2 Barbier E., 2003, AUST ECON PAP, V42, P253, DOI DOI 10.1111/1467-8454.00198 Barrett P.S., 1999, BUILD RES INF, V27, P397 Bentivegna V, 2002, BUILD RES INF, V30, P83, DOI 10.1080/096132102753436468 Best R., 1999, BUILDING VALUE PREDE Bourdeau L., 2010, BUILD RES INF, V27, P354, DOI 10.1080/096132199369183 Cole RJ, 1999, BUILD RES INF, V27, P230, DOI 10.1080/096132199369354 CROOKES D, 2002, IMPACT ASSESSMEN JUN, P127 Curwell S, 1999, BUILD RES INF, V27, P286, DOI 10.1080/096132199369390 DING GKC, 1999, BUILDING VALUE PREDE, P149 DING GKC, 2002, P ENV EC SUST COST E GREGORY R, 1993, J RISK UNCERTAINTY, V7, P177, DOI 10.1007/BF01065813 HANLEY N, 1992, ENVIRON RESOUR ECON, V2, P33 Harding R., 1998, ENV DECISION MAKING Hill R. 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PD JAN-FEB PY 2005 VL 33 IS 1 BP 3 EP 16 DI 10.1080/0961321042000322618 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology SC Construction & Building Technology GA 889ZS UT WOS:000226482100001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Bowers, J AF Bowers, J TI Instrument choice for sustainable development: an application to the forestry sector SO FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE sustainable forestry; marketable instruments; principal-agent ID CRITICS; WEAK AB The paper addresses the problem of the choice of policy instruments for sustainability in a privately operated forestry industry. Sustainable forestry affects many aspects of operations. Sustainability conditions are exogenous to project appraisal and should appear as constraints on project design. As applications of broader policies, sustainability requirements do not possess a monetary value independently of the policy they are derived from. Efficient instrument choice entails a trade-off between control and compliance costs. Marketable instruments are unlikely to be efficient in forestry. Where policy failure results in irreversible effects, the Polluter Pays Principle should not be applied. Efficient instrument choice in the presence of irreversibility requires that the agent be rewarded for contributions to achieving the policy objective. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Leeds, Sch Business, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. RP Bowers, J (reprint author), Univ Leeds, Sch Business, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. EM J.K.Bowers@lubs.leeds.ac.uk CR BARKER A, 1993, ENV STANDARDS ISSUES, P164 BECKERMAN W, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P169 BECKERMAN W, 1994, ENVIRON VALUE, V3, P191, DOI 10.3197/096327194776679700 Bowers J, 1999, BIOL CONSERV, V87, P327, DOI 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00074-3 BOWERS J, 1993, REV APPL EC, V7, P91 Bowers J., 1997, SUSTAINABILITY ENV E Common MS, 1996, ENVIRON VALUE, V5, P83 DALEY HE, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P49 El Sarafy Salah, 1996, ENVIRON VALUE, V5, P75 HARTWICK JM, 1977, AM ECON REV, V67, P972 JACOBS M, 1995, ENVIRON VALUE, V4, P57 Markandya, 1990, SUSTAINABLE DEV EC E MERINO LP, 1996, C EC SOC POL ISS CER Pigou A. C, 1920, EC WELFARE PRICE C, 1989, THEORY APPL FOREST E VOGT K.A, 1999, FOREST CERTIFICATION World Commission on Economic Development, 1987, OUR COMM FUT WRIGHT RN, 2001, NEW FOREST SAC MANAG Zonneveld I. S., 1990, CHANGING LANDSCAPES NR 19 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-9341 J9 FOREST POLICY ECON JI Forest Policy Econ. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 7 IS 1 BP 97 EP 107 DI 10.1016/S1389-9341(03)00015-7 PG 11 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 889MO UT WOS:000226447300007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Bose, S Galvan, A AF Bose, S Galvan, A TI Export supply of New Zealand's live rock lobster to Japan: an empirical analysis SO JAPAN AND THE WORLD ECONOMY LA English DT Article DE seasonality; export market; live seafood; Japan ID HETEROSCEDASTICITY; MANAGEMENT; INDUSTRY AB This paper investigates the export supply behavior of live rock lobster from New Zealand (NZ) to Japan. Potential factors such as foreign and domestic prices, productive capacity, stochastic and deterministic seasonality, introduction of trade barriers and changes in management regulatory decisions were taken into consideration to construct the export supply function. Using a partial adjustment modeling (PAM) approach, it was found that lag supply, productive capacity, seasonality and time trend were significantly affecting the export supply behavior of live rock lobster. The NZ seafood industry as well as its fishing industry may find the findings from this study useful in formulating appropriate policies to sustain export market returns and maintain long term sustainability of the resource. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Maritime Coll, Fac Fisheries & Marine Environm, Beaconsfield, Tas 72701, Australia. Moana Pacific Fisheries Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand. RP Bose, S (reprint author), Australian Maritime Coll, Fac Fisheries & Marine Environm, POB 21, Beaconsfield, Tas 72701, Australia. 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PD JAN PY 2005 VL 17 IS 1 BP 111 EP 123 DI 10.1016/j.japwor.2003.09.001 PG 13 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 887AA UT WOS:000226273300007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Nalle, DJ Arthur, JL Montgomery, CA AF Nalle, DJ Arthur, JL Montgomery, CA TI Economic impacts of adjacency and green-up constraints on timber production at a landscape scale SO JOURNAL OF FOREST ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE forestry; sustainability; policy; optimization; spatial models; forecasting and simulation ID SPOTTED OWL; OPTIMIZATION; RESTRICTIONS; WILDLIFE; HABITAT; TERM AB Although many different forest certification standards exist, harvest adjacency and green-up regulations are common to most certifying bodies. This study develops a means for evaluating trade-offs associated with implementation of nth-order adjacency and green-up constraints on a 1.7 million ha landscape in Oregon in the US. Depending on the type of adjacency structure and delay between harvests, the opportunity cost of the restrictions, estimated by the change in discounted sum of producer and consumer surplus in the regional log market, ranged from 0.25% to 66% (or US $60 million to $15.3 billion) of the unconstrained value. Increasing green-up delays beyond 30-40 years had little effect on estimated opportunity cost of the modeled restrictions. (c) 2004 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nevada, Dept Resource Econ, Reno, NV 89557 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Stat, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. Oregon State Univ, Dept Forest Resources, Corvallis, OR 97331 USA. RP Nalle, DJ (reprint author), Univ Nevada, Dept Resource Econ, Reno, NV 89557 USA. 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For. Econ. PY 2005 VL 10 IS 4 BP 189 EP 205 DI 10.1016/j.jfe.2004.11.003 PG 17 WC Economics; Forestry SC Business & Economics; Forestry GA 988YI UT WOS:000233639700003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lehtonen, H Aakkula, J Rikkonen, P AF Lehtonen, H Aakkula, J Rikkonen, P TI Alternative agricultural policy scenarios, sector modelling and indicators: A sustainability assessment SO JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE agri-environmental indicators; economic analysis; investments; policy dialogue; policy scenarios; production; technical change ID PRODUCTION SYSTEMS; FARM-LEVEL; FRAMEWORK AB In this article, we assess ecological, economic and social sustainability impacts of four alternative agricultural policy scenarios relevant to the European perspective. The analysed scenarios are: Prolonged Agenda 2000, On-going CAP reform, Integrated rural and environmental policy, and Liberalized Agricultural Trade. An economic agricultural sector model of Finnish agriculture is used in the evaluation of policy impacts up to 2020. Selected indicators representing the three dimensions of sustainability are calculated on the basis of the production variables of the model in each scenario. It is assumed that economic rationality, represented by the sector model, is a driving force directing agricultural production and land use, which, in turn, have a number of ecological, economic and social consequences. Our results show that a partial de-coupling of agricultural support from production and moderate reductions of commodity prices are likely to yield environmental benefits. In addition, there is a clear trade-off between environmental benefits and production volume and intensity. However, full de-coupling and radical price reductions are not likely to bring any additional environmental benefits but will result in a significant down-scaling and regional concentration of remaining agricultural activities. Hence the presented analysis is an interesting platform for discussion for stakeholders when implementing agricultural policy reforms. C1 MTT Agrifood Res, Econ Res, FIN-00410 Helsinki, Finland. RP Lehtonen, H (reprint author), Luutnantintie 13, FIN-00410 Helsinki, Finland. EM heikki.lehtonen@mtt.fi; jyrki.aakkula@mtt.fi; pasi.rikkonen@mtt.fi CR ARMINGTON PS, 1969, INT MONET FUND S PAP, V16, P159 BAUER S, 1988, P 16 S EUR ASS AGR E, P3 *COMM EUR COMM, 2001, FRAM IND EC SOC DIM *COMM EUR COMM, 2001, ENV 2010 OUR FUT OUR COOPER J, 2003, 2 N AM S ASS ENV EFF Douglass Gordon K., 1984, AGR SUSTAINABILITY C *EUR COMM, 2003, REF COMM AGR POL LON *EUR ENV AG, 1999, ENV EUR UN TURN CENT European Commission, 2003, MID TERM REV COMM AG Gerbens-Leenes PW, 2003, ECOL ECON, V46, P231, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(03)00140-X HAKANEN M, 1999, ACTA SERIES, V107 HECKELEI T, 2001, P 65 EUR SEM EUR ASS, P282 HELMING JFM, 1997, TIJDSCHIFT SOCIAAL W, V4, P334 LANKOSKI J, 2001, 62001 MTT Lehtonen H., 2004, Acta Agricultura Scandinavica. Section C, Food Economics, V1, P46, DOI 10.1080/16507540410026135 LEHTONEN H, 2001, MTT PUBLICATIONS, V98 MACRAE RJ, 1990, THESIS MCGILL U MONT *MAF, 2001, 16B MAF *MAF, 2002, PUBL *MAF, 1998, PUBL, V3 NIEMI J, 2003, MTT PUBLICATIONS A, V103 OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), 2001, ENV INDICATORS AGR, V3 Osinski E, 2003, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V98, P477, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00106-3 Pannell DJ, 2000, ECOL ECON, V33, P135, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(99)00134-2 Piorr HP, 2003, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V98, P17, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00069-0 Rigby D, 2001, ECOL ECON, V39, P463, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(01)00245-2 Sacco D, 2003, EUR J AGRON, V20, P199, DOI 10.1016/S1161-0301(03)00078-9 SOETE L, 1984, ECON J, V94, P612, DOI 10.2307/2232706 *STAT FINL, 2003, STAT YB FINL 2002 Stoorvogel JJ, 2004, AGR SYST, V80, P43, DOI 10.1016/j.agsy.2003.06.002 van der Werf HMG, 2002, AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON, V93, P131, DOI 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00354-1 Yli-Viikari A, 1999, AGR FOOD SCI FINLAND, V8, P265 YLIVIIKARI A, 2002, 5 MTT AGR RES NR 33 TC 18 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 13 PU HAWORTH PRESS INC PI BINGHAMTON PA 10 ALICE ST, BINGHAMTON, NY 13904-1580 USA SN 1044-0046 J9 J SUSTAIN AGR JI J. Sustain. Agric. PY 2005 VL 26 IS 4 BP 63 EP 93 DI 10.1300/J064v26n04_06 PG 31 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 978HC UT WOS:000232863200005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Hodges, J AF Hodges, J TI Cheap food and feeding the world sustainably SO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE cheap food; poverty; ethics; hunger; globalization AB Feeding the world requires local, national and global solutions in view of the expected world population of 10 billion by 2050. Sustainability must characterize the socio-economic infrastructures as well the scientific and technical components. Today almost half the world population lives on two dollars a day or less and although poor, most are not hungry. WTO objectives for world trade include agriculture and food with the hope of supplying cheap food based on and generated by a capital intensive system. However, the cur-rent paradigm of producing ever cheaper food in the West is found to be increasingly unsustainable and, if introduced globally, will create a variety of instabilities. A policy of feeding the growing cities of the developing world with imported Western food would remove domestic markets from poor farmers and would also risk large-scale famine when global food trade breaks down. The only sustainable alternative is to empower poor farmers to help themselves to serve their own domestic markets thus modelling the Western strategy for agriculture which has moved from free trade to protection. The capitalist system must be designed to enhance quality of life by building up and not by destroying rural communities. To achieve this aim the Western concept of cheap food needs replacement by a new paradigm emphasizing quality of life. Global solutions for feeding the developing world require ethical behaviour by rich and powerful nations in addition to technical and economic inputs. Proposals are made to exclude agriculture and food from the WTO, to build-up agriculture and protect domestic food markets in developing countries, to continue but redirect government payments to Western farmers for sustaining natural resources and rural life, and to require consumers to pay the real cost of food. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. EM hodgesjohn@compuserve.com CR Appleby MC, 2003, J AGR ENVIRON ETHIC, V16, P395, DOI 10.1023/A:1025607929777 Connor John M., 2001, GLOBAL PRICE FIXING *ERS USDA, 2004, EC RES SERV USDA FAO, 2004, FOOD AGR ORG UN STAT Hodges J, 1999, LIVEST PROD SCI, V58, P159 Hodges J, 2003, J ANIM SCI, V81, P2887 HODGES J, 2004, ACTA AGR SLOV S, V1, P37 HODGES J, 2002, LIVEST PROD SCI, V75, P59 *IFPRI, 2004, INT FOOD POL RES I LANG T, 2004, CORPORATE WATCH SUPE Malthus T. R, 1798, ESSAY PRINCIPLE POPU MARX K, 1848, COMMUNIST PARTY MANI Marx K., 1867, KAPITAL OECD, 2004, ORG EC COOP DEV Pretty J, 1998, LIVING LAND Pretty JN, 2000, AGR SYST, V65, P113, DOI 10.1016/S0308-521X(00)00031-7 Ricardo D., 1817, PRINCIPLES POLITICAL Smith A., 1776, WEALTH NATIONS STIGLITZ JE, 2002, GLOBALIZATION ITS DI *TRIPS, 2001, TRAD REL ASP INT PRO *UN DEV PROGR, 1998, HUM DEV REP *UNCTAD, 2004, RUR PROV TRAP SIX TE *WILS Q, 2003, PLEAS POL FOOD 29 World Bank, 2000, MAK TRANS WORK EV PO GENESIS, V41 2004, ECONOMIC POLICY I NR 26 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0301-6226 J9 LIVEST PROD SCI JI Livest. Prod. Sci. PD JAN PY 2005 VL 92 IS 1 BP 1 EP 16 DI 10.1016/j.livprodsci.2005.01.001 PG 16 WC Agriculture, Dairy & Animal Science SC Agriculture GA 905PH UT WOS:000227580800001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Starkl, M Brunner, N Grasser, U Moog, O Stagl, S Karrman, E Wimmer, J Szewieczek, R Haberl, R AF Starkl, M Brunner, N Grasser, U Moog, O Stagl, S Karrman, E Wimmer, J Szewieczek, R Haberl, R TI Analysis and evaluation of methodologies to assess technical urban water systems SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 4th World Water Congress of the International-Water-Association CY SEP 19-24, 2004 CL Marrakesh, MOROCCO SP Int Water Assoc, AMEPA, ONEP, LYDEC DE assessment; decision making; funding; planning; urban water systems ID SUSTAINABILITY AB The paper reports on the methodology and findings of a recent project on behalf of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Environment and Water Management. The Ministry is seeking procedures for combining ecological and economic criteria to assess which technical urban water alternatives shall receive funding. To this end the current decision making process (DMP) for implementing urban water alternatives in Austria has been analyzed and compared with the situation elsewhere, e.g. in Sweden. The DMP entails specific requirements on assessment, whence the most common decision aid methodologies, ranging from LCA-based to multi-criteria methods, have been described and evaluated from an environmental, economic, legal and practical point of view, turning out recommendations to the Ministry. Their main points are: First the DMP should be kept as simple as possible in order to make it transparent. Second the aggregation of different criteria groups should and can be avoided. Therefore the stakeholders should not be allowed to make trade-offs. Finally clear objectives need to be stated. C1 Univ Nat Reources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Water Atmospher & Climate, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. Ctr Environm Management & Descis Support, A-1190 Vienna, Austria. Univ Leeds, Leeds Inst Environm Sci & Management, Leeds LS2 9JT, W Yorkshire, England. Scandiaconsult Sverige AB, S-10265 Stockholm, Sweden. FHCE Engn, A-4020 Linz, Austria. RP Starkl, M (reprint author), Univ Nat Reources & Appl Life Sci, Dept Water Atmospher & Climate, Muthgasse 18, A-1180 Vienna, Austria. EM markus.starkl@boku.ac.at; norbert.brunner@eunet.at; sts@env.leeds.ac.uk; erik.karrman@ecoloop.se; johann.wimmer@ooe.gv.at; floegl.fhce.linz@aon.at OI Stagl, Sigrid/0000-0001-5284-6786; Brunner, Norbert/0000-0001-6487-5752; Starkl, Markus/0000-0003-0998-7748 CR ACREMAN M, 2003, WATER POLICY, V3, P257 BRUHNER N, 2004, VIRTUAL J ENV SUSTAI, V2 Brunner N, 2004, ENVIRON IMPACT ASSES, V24, P441, DOI 10.1016/j.eiar.2003.12.001 BRUNNER N, 2004, UNPUB EXECUTING ENV Hanley N., 1993, COST BENEFIT ANAL EN JACOBY C, 1998, METHODEN INSTRUMENTE Martinez-Alier J, 1998, ECOL ECON, V26, P277, DOI 10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00120-1 ROY B, 1993, EUROPEAN J OPERATION, P66 SCHOLLES F, 1997, UVP SPEZIAL, V13, P273 Starkl M, 2004, J ENVIRON MANAGE, V71, P245, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.03.004 STARKL M, 2004, ERHEBUNG ANAL BEWERT STARKL M, 2002, P INT C SEW OP MAINT STARKL M, 2004, UNPUB FEASIBILITY VS 1993, FED REG, V58, P4601 NR 14 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 0 U2 2 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 EI 1996-9732 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2005 VL 52 IS 9 BP 43 EP 51 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 009HR UT WOS:000235103000005 PM 16445172 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lenton, R Tyler, S Tropp, H AF Lenton, R Tyler, S Tropp, H TI Workshop 8 (synthesis): water governance - a key driver for food and urban security SO WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th Stockholm Water Symposium CY AUG 16-20, 2004 CL Stockholm, SWEDEN DE decision-making; governance; participation; policy AB Water governance has profound impact on the livelihoods of urban and rural people and on environmental sustainability. Yet governance has not received the same attention as technical issues. Governance is about processes of choices, decisions and estimating trade-offs. C1 Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. Int Dev Res Ctr, Victoria, BC, Canada. UNDP, New York, NY 10017 USA. RP Lenton, R (reprint author), Columbia Univ, Earth Inst, Lamont Hall,61 Route 9W, Palisades, NY 10964 USA. EM rlenton@iri.columbia.edu; hakan.trapp@undp.org NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU IWA PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA ALLIANCE HOUSE, 12 CAXTON ST, LONDON SW1H0QS, ENGLAND SN 0273-1223 EI 1996-9732 J9 WATER SCI TECHNOL JI Water Sci. Technol. PY 2005 VL 51 IS 8 BP 175 EP 175 PG 1 WC Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences; Water Resources SC Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Water Resources GA 943RA UT WOS:000230370600030 PM 16007946 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Shuman, CS Hodgson, G Ambrose, RF AF Shuman, CS Hodgson, G Ambrose, RF TI Managing the marine aquarium trade: is eco-certification the answer? SO ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article DE aquarium trade; catch-per-unit-effort; coral reef conservation; eco-certification; fisheries management; Philippines ID ORNAMENTAL FISH; REEF FISHERIES; CYANIDE; MANAGEMENT; STRESS; CORALS; YIELD AB Global trade in marine ornamental species includes numerous countries; however, 80% of the trade involves exports from the Philippines and Indonesia to the USA. The worldwide import value of marine ornamentals is estimated at USS 200-330 million annually. Recent concern regarding sustainability and environmental impacts on coral reefs where collection occurs has spurred debate as to how best to monitor, manage and regulate the industry. A certification programme proposed by the Marine Aquarium Council (MAC) has the potential to manage the trade efficiently by minimizing environmental impacts, thus continuing this important source of income for impoverished coastal villagers. The MAC Ecosystem and Fishery Management (EFM) Standard was established to protect fish stocks from overexploitation and will be the most difficult component of the certification programme to implement. Prerequisites for successful EFM in developing nations are local control over fisheries and accurate records to monitor catch. Collector logs were found to be a useful tool to monitor both catch per unit effort (CPUE) and catch composition from collection areas in the Philippines. Comparison of catch composition in two distinct regions of the Philippines indicated that one site was severely overfished while the other was moderately overfished. The Collection Area Management Plan required by the MAC certification programme, combined with the current legal framework in the Philippines allowing for local jurisdiction of reef resources, has the potential to prevent further overfishing in the latter region. Until sufficient ecological data can be obtained, CPUE can provide an effective means to monitor and manage the fishery within the framework of the MAC certification programme. Despite effective management plans in source nations, legislation in receiving nations may be required to help stimulate a strong market demand for certified ornamentals if the MAC certification programme is to be successful. C1 Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. Univ Calif Los Angeles, Inst Environm, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. RP Ambrose, RF (reprint author), Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, Environm Sci & Engn Program, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA. 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PD DEC PY 2004 VL 31 IS 4 BP 339 EP 348 DI 10.1017/S0376892904001663 PG 10 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Environmental Sciences SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 926BO UT WOS:000229098000009 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Gray, NF Carton-Kenney, M AF Gray, NF Carton-Kenney, M TI A rural housing sustainability index SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-MUNICIPAL ENGINEER LA English DT Article DE buildings, structure & design; environment; planning & scheduling; social impact ID ENVIRONMENT AB The pressure on planning authorities in Ireland to grant permission for rural housing has led to increasing public dissention, frequently leading to political intervention on behalf of individuals; this in turn has severely undermined county planning strategies. The objective of the rural housing sustainability index is to ensure that better-quality and more sustainable housing is constructed in rural areas, while also minimising the effect of such housing on the rural environment. The index uses 70 criteria or indicators categorised into site, design, construction and social indicators. A score is allocated for each indicator with higher scores allocated for more sustainable actions or options. Threshold scores are set for each category from which the sustainability of the proposed development is determined. This allows planners to more accurately assess the impact of rural development as well as increasing the sustainability of the housing stock. The concept of a trade-off, by allowing more sustainable and sensitive housing in areas where normal housing is inappropriate, is explored. C1 Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dublin 2, Ireland. RP Gray, NF (reprint author), Univ Dublin Trinity Coll, Dublin 2, Ireland. 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FTA sustainability is influenced by governments' valuations of political contributions, discount factors, the lobbying position of the specific-interest groups in the intra-industry trade sectors, and the sectoral coverage of the FTA. I find that (i) under certain conditions, the FTA under protectionist lobbying could be more sustainable than the FTA under no political pressure; (ii) the lobby-supported FTA is more sustainable than the lobby-opposed FTA and the FTA under no political pressure; and (iii) multisector trade enhances FTA sustainability. C1 Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Econ, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RP Qiu, LD (reprint author), Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Econ, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. 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J. Econ.-Rev. Can. Econ. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 37 IS 4 BP 1061 EP 1083 DI 10.1111/j.0008-4085.2004.00260.x PG 23 WC Economics SC Business & Economics GA 870RC UT WOS:000225074500012 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Grafton, RQ Jotzo, F Wasson, M AF Grafton, RQ Jotzo, F Wasson, M TI Financing sustainable development: Country Undertakings and Rights for Environmental Sustainability CURES SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE sustainable development; intergovernmental financial transfers; adjusted net savings; GEF ID FOREST-FIRES; TRANSFERS AB We propose a global mechanism to finance sustainable development (SD) that offers a number of advantages over the current Global Environmental Facility (GEF). The mechanism would be multinational, provide incentives for rich and poor countries to promote SD, incorporate the principle of common, but differentiated, responsibilities and link incentives and fundin2 for SID to structural benchmarks and performance targets. It would operate as a large fund into which rich countries would pay based on their level of population, per capita income and change in a measure of environmental sustainability. Receipts front the funds, called Country Undertakings and Rights for Environmental Sustainability (CURES), would be made to poor Countries based on their population, per capita income and absolute level of environmental sustainability. This approach differentiates payments and receipts on the basis of income, while rewarding improvements in environmental performance in rich countries, and making greater payments to countries with greater environmental problems. To promote flexibility, recipient countries would be able to trade, bank or borrow their assigned CURES, provided that the trade resulted in a verifiable improvement in environmental sustainability in the purchasing country. A reformed GEF that adopted the desirable features of CURES, if widely adopted and funded at a sufficiently high level, would offer a significant boost to global SD and would greatly assist poor countries to address the twin challenges of poverty and environmental degradation. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Cooperat Res Ctr Greenhouse Accounting, Canberra, ACT, Australia. Australian Natl Univ, SMAP Res Sch Pacific & Asian Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Grafton, RQ (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Asia Pacific Sch Econ & Govt, JG Crawford Bldg,Bldg 13, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM quentin.grafton@anu.edu.au; jotzo@cres.anu.edu.au; merrilyn@coombs.anu.edu.au RI Grafton, R. Quentin/A-5277-2008 OI Grafton, R. 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Econ. PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 51 IS 1-2 BP 65 EP 78 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.04.003 PG 14 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 878ES UT WOS:000225630000005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Deal, B Schunk, D AF Deal, B Schunk, D TI Spatial dynamic modeling and urban land use transformation: a simulation approach to assessing the costs of urban sprawl SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE dynamic simulation; spatial modeling; urban economics; urban dynamics; urban sprawl; sustainability ID CELLULAR-AUTOMATA AB Assessing the economic impacts of urban land use transformation has become complex and acrimonious. Although community planners are beginning to comprehend the economic trade-offs inherent in transforming the urban fringe, they find it increasingly difficult to analyze and assess the trade-offs expediently and in ways that can influence local decision making. New and sophisticated spatial modeling techniques are now being applied to urban systems that can be used for assessing the probable spatial outcomes of given communal policies. Applying an economic impact assessment to the probable spatial patterns can provide to planners the tools needed to quickly assess scenarios for policy formation that might ultimately help inform decision makers. This paper focuses on the theoretical underpinnings and the practical application of an economic impact analysis submodel developed within the Land Use Evolution and Impact Assessment Modeling (LEAM) environment. The conceptual framework of LEAM is described, followed by an application of the model to the assessment of the cost of urban sprawl in Kane County, Illinois. The high spatial resolution of the approach allows for discerning the macro-level implications of micro-level behaviors. The results show, that spatially explicit dynamic modeling has various conceptual advantages over other approaches to modeling urban dynamics, both from a theoretical and a practical point of view. However, model validation and the assessment of the uncertainty of large-scale spatial dynamic models deserve considerable future attention. The implications of land use change decisions on individual and communal costs are discussed and ways to improve the methodology are outlined. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Univ Mannheim, Dept Econ, Natl Res Ctr Concepts Rational Decis Making & Eco, D-68131 Mannheim, Germany. Univ Illinois, Dept Urban & Reg Planning, Champaign, IL 61820 USA. RP Schunk, D (reprint author), Univ Mannheim, Dept Econ, Natl Res Ctr Concepts Rational Decis Making & Eco, L13-15, D-68131 Mannheim, Germany. 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These initiatives are often politically driven and aspire to achieve both economic and environmental benefits. However, the lack of clarity about the precise objectives of these schemes means that they often fail to yield either local economic or global environmental benefits. There is often a failure to negotiate with all concerned stakeholders and to recognize and resolve trade-offs. Subsidies have often had perverse impacts, and market forces may be better drivers of economic objectives of restoration programmes. Security of tenure and use rights is an important but often neglected requirement for achieving sustainability. Remnant patches of natural vegetation, even when degraded, are often valuable sources of local biodiversity in restoration schemes. The spatial patterns of different types of forest and of non-forest land are important determinants of environmental values. 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PD NOV 1 PY 2004 VL 201 IS 1 BP 3 EP 11 DI 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.06.008 PG 9 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 863ZZ UT WOS:000224603600002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Rubio, MDM AF Rubio, MDM TI The capital gains from trade are not enough: evidence from the environmental accounts of Venezuela and Mexico SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE exhaustible resources; environmental accounts; net national product; genuine savings; foreign trade; oil production; Mexico; Venezuela ID NET NATIONAL PRODUCT; EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES; NATURAL-RESOURCES; OPEN ECONOMIES; SUSTAINABILITY; DEPLETION; WELFARE; INCOME AB In principle, a country cannot endure negative genuine savings for long periods of time without experiencing declining consumption. Nevertheless, theoreticians envisage two alternatives to explain how an exporter of non-renewable natural resources could experience permanent negative genuine savings and still ensure sustainability. The first one alleges that the capital gains arising from the expected improvement in the terms of trade would suffice to compensate for the negative savings of the resource exporter. The second alternative points at technological change as a way to avoid economic collapse. This paper uses the data of Venezuela and Mexico to empirically test the first of these two hypotheses. The results presented here prove that the terms of trade do not suffice to compensate the depletion of oil reserves in these two open economies. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Econ & Business, Barcelona 08005, Spain. RP Rubio, MDM (reprint author), Univ Pompeu Fabra, Dept Econ & Business, Carrer Ramon Trias Fargas 25-27, Barcelona 08005, Spain. 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PD NOV PY 2004 VL 48 IS 3 BP 1175 EP 1191 DI 10.1016/j.jeem.2004.02.002 PG 17 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 869PK UT WOS:000224996300008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Capineri, C Leinbach, TR AF Capineri, C Leinbach, TR TI Globalization, E-economy and trade SO TRANSPORT REVIEWS LA English DT Article ID E-COMMERCE; NETWORKS; TRANSPORTATION; GEOGRAPHY; MOBILITY; IMPACTS AB The first position paper of Stella Focus Group 1 on Globalization, E-Economy and Trade aims to highlight the main concepts around which the activities will develop. It addresses the transport and trade implications of the shift from an economy dominated by physical movements to one where electronic communications aid and, indeed, under certain circumstances, eliminate or reduce physical flows. In particular, it points out that the revolution taking place is mainly due to deep changes in distribution processes caused by the spread of e-commerce and by a production system based on networks of different types ( production, financial, information, etc.). Major topics for exploration are the specific roles of networks, new interpretations of access and distance in virtual and physical spaces, the adoption, spread and impact of e-commerce, the multifaceted process of integration and Internetworking, territorial competitiveness in the digital economy, intermodality, and the growth of logistical systems and their impact upon supply chains. Factors surrounding the shippers' choice of freight transport services, communications and transport patterns between consumers and businesses, and general sustainability in these increasingly complex systems are also important. All these topics are ripe for research from both theoretical and methodological perspectives. C1 Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. Univ Siena, Fac Sci Polit, Di Gips, I-53100 Siena, Italy. RP Leinbach, TR (reprint author), Univ Kentucky, Dept Geog, Lexington, KY 40506 USA. EM leinbach@uky.edu CR Anderson WP, 2003, GROWTH CHANGE, V34, P415, DOI 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00228.x Beyers WB, 2003, GROWTH CHANGE, V34, P433, DOI 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00229.x Bolis S, 2003, GROWTH CHANGE, V34, P490, DOI 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00232.x Bowen J, 2004, TIJDSCHR ECON SOC GE, V95, P174, DOI 10.1111/j.0040-747X.2004.t01-1-00299.x Capineri C, 2003, GROWTH CHANGE, V34, P385, DOI 10.1046/j.0017-4815.2003.00226.x CAPINERI C, 1997, NETWORKS TRANSPORT C Castells M., 2000, RISE NETWORK SOC Couclelis H, 2000, ADV SPAT SCI, P341 DANIELIS R, 2002, STELLA FOC GROUP 1 M Dicken P., 2003, GLOBAL SHIFT RESHAPI ERAS P, 2000, TRANSPORT LOGISTIEK, V2, P26 FISCHER M, 2002, STELLA FOC GROUP 1 M Flordia RL, 2002, RISE CREATIVE CLASS FRYBOURG M, 1995, SEARCH EVALUATION IN Garcia D. 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Rev. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 24 IS 6 BP 645 EP 663 DI 10.1080/0144164042000292443 PG 19 WC Transportation SC Transportation GA 869NE UT WOS:000224990500002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Clark, J AF Clark, J TI Forest policy for sustainable commodity wood production: an examination drawing on the Australian experience SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference of the Australia-New-Zealand-Society-for-Ecological-Economics CY DEC 02-04, 2002 CL Univ Technol, Broadway Campus, Sydney, AUSTRALIA SP Australia New Zealand Soc Ecol Econ HO Univ Technol, Broadway Campus DE forest policy; wood industry policy; commodity production; wood processing; plantations; sustainability AB This paper presents a policy framework aimed at sustainability in Australia's wood-based industry. It commences with a historical overview to illuminate how culture and environment combined to fast-track Australia's plantation establishment. This maturing estate is now generating new choices about meeting wood needs and the future for native forests. The essence of the forest problem lies in the nature of commodity production where cost reduction, essential for the firm's survival, comes at the expense of native forest ecological integrity. The framework explicitly includes Australia's plantation wood resource that, by definition, is excluded from the 'multiple use' approach to managing native forests for wood production. Three systems are identified-native forests as self-regenerating ecosystems, wood production systems to meet human material needs and rural socio-economic systems-and a dual strategy developed to enhance their persistence capacity. This strategy combines shifting commodity wood production from native forests to plantations and adding value by domestic processing. The strategy works in a complementary way across the three systems, meaning that trade-off is avoided at this level. Native forest ecosystems cease to be threatened by the intensification pressures inherent in commodity production and relatively labour-intensive wood products manufacturers enhance their competitiveness by processing agriculturally grown wood. A highly integrated regional industry can enhance the economic viability of wood growing that helps buffer agricultural land against the price-cost squeeze of commodity production, The policy framework may not be economically efficient if, after removing government subsidies and props to the older and less competitive native forest based sector, further measures are required to stimulate investment in plantation processing. Under these conditions, a specific wood industry policy can be argued on environment grounds. Trade-off is between market interventionist industry policy and general economic efficiency-fundamentally different to the native forest conservation versus industry trade-off commonly understood. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. RP Clark, J (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. EM jclark@cres.anu.edu.au CR *AUSTR BUR AGR RES, 2001, AUSTR FOR PROD STAT *AUSTR BUR AGR RES, 2002, AUSTR FOR WOOD PROD *AUSTR BUR STAT, 2002, UNPUB INT TRAD STAT *AUSTR FOR GROW, 1996, AUSTR FOREST GROWER, V19, P4 BORAL, 2001, STATEMENT AUSTR STOC BRAIN P, 1999, MELTDOWN GLOBAL BATT BUCKMAN G, 2002, FORESTRY TASMANIA FI BYRON RN, 1981, LOG PRICING AUSTR PO Carron L. T., 1985, HIST FORESTRY AUSTR Clark J, 2001, ENVIRON CONSERV, V28, P53, DOI 10.1017/S0376892901000054 CLARK J, 1999, EVIDENCE SENATE RURA, P149 CLARK J, 1995, SOFTWOOD PLANTATION CLARK J, 2003, FOREST SUSTAINABILIT, P189 CLARK J, 1995, AUSTR PLANTATIONS IN CLARK J, 2002, AUSTR PRODUCTION WOO Clark TH, 1998, INT J ELECTRON COMM, V3, P4, DOI 10.1080/10864415.1998.11518324 Costanza R, 1995, ECOL ECON, V15, P193, DOI 10.1016/0921-8009(95)00048-8 EHRLICH PR, 1996, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V85, P1 FAIRBAIRN D, 1967, SOFTWOOD FORESTRY AG *FAO, 1999, STATE WORLDS FORESTS Ferguson I., 2002, PLANTATIONS AUSTR WO Frawley Kevin, 1999, PEOPLES FOREST LIVIN, P37 GRAY HR, 1935, COMMONWEALTH FORESTR, V15 GRAY HR, 1928, P 3 BRIT FOR C AUSTR, P626 HANSON AG, 1962, 8 BRIT COMM FOR C 19, V85 *HARR DAISH AUSTR, 2002, FIN REP YEAR END 31 Industry Commission, 1993, 32 IND COMM Mackey B., 2002, WILDLIFE FIRE FUTURE *MARSD JAC ASS, 2001, FOR NAT COMP POL *MIN ENV CONS, 2001, NEW JOBS TIMB IND CO MOBBS CD, 2000, THESIS CANBERRA ACT NIELSON D, 1998, INTL WOODCHIP PULPLO Norton TW, 1996, FOREST ECOL MANAG, V85, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03745-0 PHILLIPS VJ, 1999, EVIDENCE SENATE RURA, P69 *RES ASS COMM, 1992, FOR TIMB INQ FIN R 2, V2 ROBIN L, 1998, DEFENDING LITTLE DES RUTHVEN P, 1995, ENDLESS WAR ATTRITIO, P11 Sedjo R. A., 1983, COMP EC PLANTATION F SEDJO RA, 1990, PROSPECTS AUSTR FORE, P65 *SEN EC REF COMM, 2001, INQ MASS MARK TAX EF SIMONS HA, 1990, COMPETITIVENESS AUST Sutton Phillip, 2001, SUSTAINABILITY GETTI *VIS IND, 2000, VIS PULP PAP MILL TU WOOD MS, 2001, PLANTATIONS AUSTR RE NR 44 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0921-8009 J9 ECOL ECON JI Ecol. Econ. PD OCT 1 PY 2004 VL 50 IS 3-4 BP 219 EP 232 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.032 PG 14 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 871ZZ UT WOS:000225176600004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Hercock, M Tonts, M AF Hercock, M Tonts, M TI From the rangelands to the Ritz - Geographies of kangaroo management and trade SO GEOGRAPHY LA English DT Article AB The Australian kangaroo products industry has become a global export industry that is rapidly being seen as a model in economic and ecological sustainability. Local geography and ecolology contribute to the industry's ecological sustainability, while the international geographies of trade influence economic sustainability. The global trade in products outside Australia is shown to create opportunities to improve the conservation of local land resources and kangaroos. However, kangaroo products are not yet socially and culturally acceptable to many people. The authors argue that the positive global influences on the kangaroo industry could be enhanced through involvment in promoting kangaroo as a resource, which would also promote the industry and elevate the status of a significant local resource. C1 Univ Western Australia, Sch Earth & Geog Sci, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia. EM mhercock@geog.uwa.edu.au; mtonts@geog.uwa.edu.au CR *ABS, 2002, EXP 02089010 KANG ME *ABS, 2003, EXP 02089010 KANG ME ATTWATER R, 1989, MANAGEMENT RED KANGA *AUSTR NAT PARKS W, 1992, AUSTR PROT CONS WILD *AUSTR NAT PARKS W, 1988, KANG AUSTR CONS STAT *AUSTR NZ ENV CONS, 1996, DRAFT NAT STRAT RANG *AUSTR TRAD COMM, 2002, TRAD STAT Bowler I. R., 1992, GEOGRAPHY AGR DEV MA Bowler Ian, 2001, FOOD SOC EC CULTURE BRADDICK I, 2002, MARKET PLACE DEMAND BURCH D, 1996, GLOBALIZATION AGR FO Burch D., 1999, RESTRUCTURING GLOBAL CAUGHLEY G, 1987, KANGAROON THEIR ECOL CHOQUENOL D, 1998, SCI EC SOCIAL ISSUES Conacher A., 2000, ENV PLANNING MANAGEM DOWNES S, 2002, WEEKEND AUSTR 0608 *ENV AUSTR, 2002, WILD HARV NAT SPEC K *ENV AUSTR, 2000, WILD HARV NAT SPEC K *ENV NAT RES COMM, 2000, INQ UT VICT NAT FLOR GORD G, 1983, AUSTR MUSEUM COMPLET, P205 Gray I., 2001, FUTURE REGIONAL AUST Grigg GC, 2001, CONSERVATION EXPLOIT, P403 HERCOCK MJ, 1998, THESIS U W AUSTR CRA Ilbery B, 2002, GEOGRAPHY, V87, P142 *KANG IND ASS AUST, 2002, J AUSTR KANGARO 1031 KELLY J, 2003, KANGAROO IND ITS IMA Kirkpatrick T.H., 1985, P75 MAWSON P, 2002, SCI OFFICER W AU JUN MCNALLY S, 2001, J RURAL STUD, V7, P247 Monk A., 1999, Restructuring global and regional agricultures: transformations in Australasian agri-food economies and spaces., P75 Morton J., 1990, SOCIAL ANAL, V27, P30 *NIN NEWS, 2003, ROO MEAT HELPS FARM POOLE WE, 1986, AUSTR MUSEUM COMPLET, P244 Pople AR, 1999, COMMERCIAL HARVESTIN PRINCE RIT, 1984, W AUSTR WILDLIF RES, V13 Pritchard B., 2000, LAND DISCONTENT DYNA *PURT ASS, 1998, IMPR CONS PERC KANG Shepherd N., 1987, P188 STRAHAN R, 1983, AUSTR MUSEUM COMPLET, P175 STRAHAN R, 1991, N CAYLEYS WHAT MAMMA TAYLOR M, 1996, NZ GEOGRAPHER, V52, P46 Tonts M, 2003, TIJDSCHR ECON SOC GE, V94, P564, DOI 10.1046/j.1467-9663.2003.00283.x *UK DEP ENV FOOD R, 2003, AN HLTH DIS DEP ENV Whatmore S., 1997, Globalising food: agrarian questions and global restructuring., P287 WILLIAMS RM, 2002, WINTER 2002 RM WILLI NR 45 TC 3 Z9 5 U1 0 U2 0 PU GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOC PI SHEFFIELD PA 160 SOLLY ST, SHEFFIELD S1 4BF, S YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0016-7487 J9 GEOGRAPHY JI Geography PD OCT PY 2004 VL 89 BP 214 EP 225 PN 3 PG 12 WC Geography SC Geography GA 918YL UT WOS:000228585400003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wei, Q He, J Yang, D Zheng, W Li, L AF Wei, Q He, J Yang, D Zheng, W Li, L TI Status of sturgeon aquaculture and sturgeon trade in China: a review based on two recent nationwide surveys SO JOURNAL OF APPLIED ICHTHYOLOGY LA English DT Article ID CONSERVATION; BIOLOGY AB The authors reviewed the aquacultural history of Acipenseriformes in China, related the legal status and examined the current status of the cultured species or hybrids, origins of seedlings, quantities of production, geographic distribution in farming, and the sustainability for both restocking programmes and human consumption. The census shows that since 2000, the production of cultured sturgeons in China appears to have become the largest in the world. As of 2000, the rapid growth of sturgeon farming in China mainly for commercial purposes has shifted harvests in the Amur River from caviar production to the artificial culture of sturgeon seedlings. This dramatic development has also caused a series of extant and potential problems, including insufficient market availability and the impact of exotic sturgeons on indigenous sturgeon species. Annual preservation of sufficient higher-age sturgeons should be a national priority in order to establish a sustainable sturgeon-culture industry and to preserve a gene pool of critically endangered sturgeon species to prevent their extinction. C1 Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yangtze River Fisheries Res Inst, Key Lab Freshwater Fish Germplasm Resources & Bio, Minist Agr China, Jinzhou 434000, Hubei, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Sci, Inst Hydrobiol, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Freshwater Fisheries Res Ctr, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. Minist Agr China, Fisheries Bur, Beijing, Peoples R China. China Agr Univ, Beijing, Peoples R China. RP Wei, Q (reprint author), Chinese Acad Fishery Sci, Yangtze River Fisheries Res Inst, Key Lab Freshwater Fish Germplasm Resources & Bio, Minist Agr China, Jinzhou 434000, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM weiqw@yfi.ac.cn CR [Anonymous], 1988, BIOL STURGEON YANGTZ Bronzi P, 1999, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V15, P224, DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.1999.tb00239.x Burtsev IA, 2002, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V18, P655, DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00409.x CHANG J, 1999, THESIS CHINESE ACAD, P3 CHANG J, 1999, ACTA BIOL SINICA, V239, P712 Chebanov MS, 2002, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V18, P463, DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00430.x CHEN SD, 1992, HEILONGJIANG FISHERI, V4, P8 *CHIN AC SCI YANGT, 1996, T IMP 3 GORG HYDR PR LENG X, 1999, FRESHW FISH, V4, P44 *MOA OFF AQ WILDL, 2002, COLL LAWS REG INV AQ, P63 QU Q, 2002, J FISH SCI CHINA, V9, P275 Raymakers C, 2002, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V18, P629, DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00398.x RI D, 1997, CHIN FISH, V7 *SHORTN STURG REC, 1998, FIN REC PLAN SHORTN [孙大江 Sun Dajiang], 2003, [大连水产学院学报, Journal of Dalian Fisheries College], V18, P216 WEI Q, 1998, STRATEGY CONSERVATIO, P208 WEI Q, 2002, SCI FISH FARM, V151, P3 Wei QW, 1997, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V48, P241, DOI 10.1023/A:1007395612241 Wei QW., 2003, THESIS CHINESE ACAD Wei QW, 2003, FRESHW FISH, V33, P3 WU Y, 1999, FRESHW FISH, V1, P38 YANG D, 2004, IN PRESS ACTA HYDROB YANG F, 1997, RESOURCES DEV MARKET, V13, P195 Zhang J., 1985, FISHERY RESOURCES HE, P352 Zhuang P, 2002, J APPL ICHTHYOL, V18, P659, DOI 10.1046/j.1439-0426.2002.00365.x NR 25 TC 48 Z9 63 U1 5 U2 20 PU BLACKWELL VERLAG GMBH PI BERLIN PA KURFURSTENDAMM 58, D-10707 BERLIN, GERMANY SN 0175-8659 J9 J APPL ICHTHYOL JI J. Appl. Ichthyol. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 20 IS 5 BP 321 EP 332 DI 10.1111/j.1439-0426.2004.00593.x PG 12 WC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology SC Fisheries; Marine & Freshwater Biology GA 856FP UT WOS:000224031400001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU McPherson, JM Vincent, ACJ AF McPherson, JM Vincent, ACJ TI Assessing East African trade in seahorse species as a basis for conservation under international controls SO AQUATIC CONSERVATION-MARINE AND FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Hippocampus spp.; non-food fisheries; seahorse trade; bycatch; CITES ID SYNGNATHIDAE AB 1. Seahorses (Hippocampus spp.), many of which are listed as Vulnerable or Endangered on the IUCN Red List, are traded worldwide as souvenirs, aquarium fish and, primarily, for use in traditional medicines. Given concern over the sustainability of this trade, the genus was added to Appendix 11 of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) in May 2004. 2. This paper reports findings of the first ever survey of seahorse trade in Africa, conducted in Kenya and Tanzania in May and June 2000. 3. Seahorse trade in Kenya was found to be negligible, with approximately 10 live seahorses exported as aquarium fish annually. Until 1998, however, Kenya may have imported somewhere from 1 to 2.3 t of dried seahorses annually from Tanzania for re-export to Asian medicine markets. Seahorse trade in Tanzania remained substantial, with at least 630-930 kg of dried seahorse exported directly to Asia each year. 4. Accounts of declines in seahorse availability and seahorse size, although few in number, could be early warning signs that wild populations are suffering, at least locally. Close monitoring of future developments in the trade will be essential to allow for timely conservation action as and when necessary, and would contribute to our understanding of the ecological and economical implications of small-scale, non-food fisheries. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 McGill Univ, Dept Biol, Project Seahorse, Montreal, PQ H3A 1B1, Canada. RP Vincent, ACJ (reprint author), Univ British Columbia, Fisheries Ctr, Project Seahorse, 2204 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada. EM a.vincent@fisheries.ubc.ca RI McPherson, Jana/F-7153-2010; McPherson, Jana/A-9900-2010 OI McPherson, Jana/0000-0001-6354-6404 CR Bell EM, 2003, ENVIRON BIOL FISH, V67, P35, DOI 10.1023/A:1024440717162 Choo CK, 2003, J MAR BIOL ASSOC UK, V83, P271, DOI 10.1017/S0025315403007069h *CITES, 2002, WEB NOT AM APP 1 2 C *CITES, 2002, 12 M C PART COMM PAR FOSTER SJ, IN PRESS J FISH BIOL Golani D, 2002, J FISH BIOL, V60, P764 Hillborn R., 1992, QUANTITATIVE FISHERI, P570 IUCN [International Union for Conservation of Nature], 2003, IUCN RED LIST THREAT Johnstone RW, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P700 Kuiter R.H., 2000, SEAHORSES PIPEFISHES Kuiter R. H., 1994, SE ASIA TROPICAL FIS Kuiter Rudie H., 2001, Records of the Australian Museum, V53, P293 Lourie SA, 2003, ZOOL STUD, V42, P284 Lourie SA, 1999, SEAHORSES IDENTIFICA LOWE RT, 1943, HIST FISHES MADEIRA, P6 LUNN K, IN PRESS CORAL REEFS Marshall NT, 1998, SEARCHING CURE CONSE McClanahan TR, 1996, CONSERV BIOL, V10, P1187, DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1996.10041187.x Moffat D, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P590 PING A, 1999, AGENCIES FOREIGN AID, P156 Sadovy Yvonne J., 2002, P391, DOI 10.1016/B978-012615185-5/50023-2 Semesi AK, 1998, AMBIO, V27, P635 Vincent A. C. J., 1996, INT TRADE SEAHORSES Vincent A. C. J., 1990, THESIS U CAMBRIDGE Vincent ACJ, 1995, ANIM BEHAV, V50, P1557, DOI 10.1016/0003-3472(95)80011-5 Wabnitz C, 2003, OCEAN AQUARIUM NR 26 TC 24 Z9 25 U1 1 U2 8 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1052-7613 EI 1099-0755 J9 AQUAT CONSERV JI Aquat. Conserv.-Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst. PD SEP-OCT PY 2004 VL 14 IS 5 BP 521 EP 538 DI 10.1002/aqc.629 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Marine & Freshwater Biology; Water Resources GA 859IM UT WOS:000224256600008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Shimamoto, M Ubukata, F Seki, Y AF Shimamoto, M Ubukata, F Seki, Y TI Forest sustainability and the free trade of forest products: cases from Southeast Asia SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE trade; forest products; deforestation; reforestation; sustainability; southeast Asia ID TIMBER TRADE; LIBERALIZATION; DEFORESTATION; DEGRADATION AB This paper introduces the theoretical arguments for and against trade liberalization of forest products considering forest sustainability, and reports on the recent circumstances of three countries in Southeast Asia-the Philippines, Thailand and Indonesia. Trade liberalization raises concerns about the negative effects on forest sustainability, both in log-importing countries that have already cut a large portion of their natural forests by commercial logging and now face a pressing need for reforestation, and in forest product-exporting countries that still have large areas of natural forest and enjoy export competitiveness in forest products. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Hosei Univ, Fac Social Sci, Machida, Tokyo 1940298, Japan. Inst Global Environm Strategies, Kanagawa 2400115, Japan. RP Shimamoto, M (reprint author), Hosei Univ, Fac Social Sci, Aiharacho 4342, Machida, Tokyo 1940298, Japan. 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Econ. PD SEP 1 PY 2004 VL 50 IS 1-2 BP 23 EP 34 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.02.004 PG 12 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 864UD UT WOS:000224657500002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Arena, U Mastellone, ML Perugini, F Clift, R AF Arena, U Mastellone, ML Perugini, F Clift, R TI Environmental assessment of paper waste management options by means of LCA methodology SO INDUSTRIAL & ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY RESEARCH LA English DT Article ID LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT AB Investigating the environmental sustainability of any recycling process demands full understanding and objective quantification of all the associated environmental impacts. Life cycle assessment is an internationally standardized method that is able to account for upstream and downstream inputs and emissions over the complete supply chain providing a product or service. It is generally considered the best environmental management tool that can be used to move from a generic statement about the environmental benefit of a given recycling or disposal system to reach an objective quantification of its environmental sustainability. In this study, it is used to assess and compare the environmental performances of three alternative options (landfilling, recycling, and combustion with energy recovery) that could be used in Italy to manage paper and board packaging waste. The results confirm that material recycling may not be the best environmental option. In this specific case, they show that paper use should be viewed in the context of the international trade in biofuels. C1 Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Environm Sci, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. Univ Surrey, Ctr Environm Strategy, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, England. RP Arena, U (reprint author), Univ Naples Federico II, Dept Environm Sci, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy. EM umberto.arena@unina2.it OI Arena, Umberto/0000-0001-6635-2568; Clift, Roland/0000-0003-1183-496X; Mastellone, Maria Laura/0000-0002-9345-6271 CR Arena U, 2003, CHEM ENG J, V96, P207, DOI 10.1016/j.cej.2003.08.019 Arena U, 2003, INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS, V8, P92, DOI 10.1065/lca2003.02.106 ARENA U, 2003, P AICHE ANN M NEW YO, P16 Baumann H., 2004, HITCH HIKERS GUIDE L Clift R, 2000, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V78, P279, DOI 10.1205/095758200530790 CLIFT R, 1999, SETAC EUROPE NEWS, V10, P14 *COM, 2003, HANDL PACK PAP BOARD Consoli F., 1993, GUIDELINES LIFE CYCL Cowell SJ, 2002, RISK ANAL, V22, P879, DOI 10.1111/1539-6924.00258 DEHAES HAU, 2002, LIFE CYCLE IMPACT AS, P209 Ekvall T, 2000, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V78, P288, DOI 10.1205/095758200530808 *EUR INT POLL PREV, 2000, REF DOC BEST AV TECH Finnveden G, 1998, RESOUR CONSERV RECY, V24, P235, DOI 10.1016/S0921-3449(98)00039-1 Hauschild MZ, 1998, ENV ASSESSMENT PRODU, V2 *ISO, 1997, 1404043 ISO 1 McDougall FR, 2001, INTEGRATED SOLID WAS McKay H., 2003, WOODFUEL RESOURCE BR Ranjithan R, 1999, INT J LCA, V4, P195 SETAC, 1997, LIF CYCL ASS CONC RE NR 19 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 18 PU AMER CHEMICAL SOC PI WASHINGTON PA 1155 16TH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20036 USA SN 0888-5885 J9 IND ENG CHEM RES JI Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. PD SEP 1 PY 2004 VL 43 IS 18 BP 5702 EP 5714 DI 10.1021/ie049967s PG 13 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 850XT UT WOS:000223648400031 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Falkenmark, M AF Falkenmark, M TI Towards integrated catchment management: Opening the paradigm locks between hydrology, ecology and policy-making SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Seminar on Towards Integrated Catchment Management - Increasing the Dialogue between Scientists, Policymakers and Stakeholders held at the Third World Water Forum CY MAR, 2003 CL Shiga, JAPAN AB A recently launched international initiative on "Hydrology for the Environment, Life and Policy" (HELP) aims at a science-based approach to integrated catchment management, and in particular to facilitating the dialogue needed between scientists, stakeholders and policy makers. The ultimate challenge of a sustainability-oriented environmental management is to find the proper balance between humans and the impacts that their activities cause to ecosystems. This makes the catchment a useful landscape unit for an integrated approach where a balancing between humans and nature can be carried out. The catchment can be seen as containing two mosaics, one of human water-related activities and the other of water-dependent ecosystems, terrestrial as well as aquatic. These two mosaics are internally linked by water flows but partly incompatible. Therefore, a management task is to orchestrate the catchment for compatibility, which will demand intentional trade-offs. Past water management policy has often been based on outdated knowledge and technology, for instance by a 'paradigm lock' between scientists and stakeholders, isolating them front each other: scientists by the lack of proven utility of their findings, and stakeholders by legal and professional precedence and disaggregated institutions. The HELP initiative encourages the water policy, water resources management and scientific communities to work together within a field-oriented context so that science may be closely integrated with policy and management needs. C1 Stockholm Int Water Inst, S-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. RP Falkenmark, M (reprint author), Stockholm Int Water Inst, Hantverkargatan 5, S-11221 Stockholm, Sweden. EM malin.falkenmark@siwi.org CR CASTENSSON R, 1990, 909 FRN SWED COUNC P FALKENMARK M., 1989, COMP HYDROLOGY ECOLO Falkenmark M., 1999, WATER REFLECTION LAN FALKENMARK M, 2000, 10 YEAR MESS STOCKH FALKENMARK M, 1995, P 5 STOCKH WAT S STO, P145 FALKENMARK M, 1998, WATER POLICY, V1, P421 FALKENMARK M, 1989, COMP HYDROLOGY ECOLO, P145 *GLOB WAT PARTN, 2003, 9 GWP TEC *GLOB WAT PARTN, 2003, 9 TEC GWP JOHANSSON I, 1991, P INT WORKSH SKOKL J LUNDQVIST J, 2000, AGLMSISC252000 Rockstrom J, 2003, PHILOS T ROY SOC B, V358, P1997, DOI 10.1098/rstb.2003.1400 NR 12 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 1 U2 14 PU CARFAX PUBLISHING PI BASINGSTOKE PA RANKINE RD, BASINGSTOKE RG24 8PR, HANTS, ENGLAND SN 0790-0627 J9 INT J WATER RESOUR D JI Int. J. Water Resour. Dev. PD SEP PY 2004 VL 20 IS 3 BP 275 EP 281 DI 10.1080/0790062042000248637 PG 7 WC Water Resources SC Water Resources GA 852WX UT WOS:000223788600002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Rao, NH Katyal, JC Reddy, MN AF Rao, NH Katyal, JC Reddy, MN TI Embedding the sustainability perspective into agricultural research - Implications for research management SO OUTLOOK ON AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sustainability; agricultural research; research management ID TRENDS AB Concerns for long-term food security and the sustainability of agriculture are forcing international and national agricultural research organizations to reorient their research goals, programmes and projects to ensure that the sustainability perspective underlies all of them. This requires a major paradigm shift in agricultural research planning and management. This paper develops an analytical framework for agricultural research management that can guide a transition from research directed towards productivity goals alone to that which addresses productivity issues, keeping sustainability concerns in sight, The framework is built on a realistic assessment of food demands and supplies, trade-offs between agricultural production increases and the quality of the natural resource base, the capabilities of emerging technologies and the overall profitability of agriculture. The development of such a framework is illustrated by considering the situation in India as a case study. It is suggested that, in the Indian context, embedding sustainability concerns into agricultural research requires interactions between research with a cropping systems perspective at the farm level, a regional natural resource management perspective with a relatively short-term focus on profitabilty, and a longer-term focus on environmental health at the agroecosystem level. The implications for management of such research are discussed. C1 Natl Acad Agr Res Management, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India. RP Rao, NH (reprint author), Natl Acad Agr Res Management, Hyderabad 500030, Andhra Pradesh, India. EM nhrao@naarm.ernet.in CR AGGARWAL P. K., 1994, SIMULATING EFFECT CL Aggarwal PK, 2000, OUTLOOK AGR, V29, P259, DOI 10.5367/000000000101293329 [Anonymous], 1987, OUR COMM FUT REP WOR Barnett V., 1995, AGR SUSTAINABILITY E Bhalla G. 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N., 1998, Agriculture and the environment: perspectives on sustainable rural development., P35 RANDHAWA NS, 1990, SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS, P438 RYAN JG, 1992, DR CK MURTH MEM LECT Serageldin I, 1999, CURR SCI INDIA, V76, P501 SINHA SK, 1999, 29 LAL BAH SHASTR LE SMIL V, 1999, NATURE, V400 STEINER RA, 1995, AGR SUSTAINABILITY E, P207 Tilman D, 2002, NATURE, V418, P671, DOI 10.1038/nature01014 WEIL R R, 1990, Journal of Agronomic Education, V19, P126 *WORLD BANK, 1999, NCAER IEG WORLD BANK YADAV RL, 2000, EXPT AGR, V34, P1 NR 37 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 6 PU I P PUBLISHING LTD PI LONDON PA 258 BELSIZE RD, LONDON NW6 4BT, ENGLAND SN 0030-7270 J9 OUTLOOK AGR JI Outlook Agric. PD SEP PY 2004 VL 33 IS 3 BP 167 EP 176 DI 10.5367/0000000042530141 PG 10 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary SC Agriculture GA 858PN UT WOS:000224204300004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Hagemann, IB AF Hagemann, IB TI Examples of successful architectural integration of PV: Germany SO PROGRESS IN PHOTOVOLTAICS LA English DT Article DE building-integrated photovoltaics; building construction; built examples; market; photovoltaic products; mass production; sustainability AB In Germany building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) are developing rapidly, and much progress has been achieved in the past five years. BIPV can be used today in different ways on both existing and new buildings. Architects and designers are discovering BIPV With the help of custom-made products available on the German market they are beginning to explore the technical limits of an aesthetic and structural integration of PV in buildings. As a result some exciting high-profile building projects with PV have been built, for example, the small service pavilion Meereslauschen in Steinhude or the new headquarters building of the Wood Trade Association in Munich. These projects show that the use of PV is very varied and offers opportunities for creative architects. However non-technical problems still need to be solved to allow a meaningful and widespread application of PV in the built environment. To decrease costs it is essential to develop further standard BIPV components. The aim of such developments should be to replace standard PV modules by products in which PV and structural building elements are melded into one design and structural unit. Copyright (C) 2004 John Wiley Sons, Ltd. C1 Architekturburo Hagemann, D-52062 Aachen, Germany. RP Hagemann, IB (reprint author), Architekturburo Hagemann, Annuntiatenbach 43, D-52062 Aachen, Germany. EM Ingo@architekturbuero-hagemann.de CR HAGEMANN IB, 2002, P PV EUR PV TECHN EN, P1016 HAGEMANN IB, 2003, P 18 S PHOT SOL KLOS, P240 HAGEMANN IB, 2002, GEBAUDEINTEGRIERTE P, P167 NR 3 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 3 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 1062-7995 EI 1099-159X J9 PROG PHOTOVOLTAICS JI Prog. Photovoltaics PD SEP PY 2004 VL 12 IS 6 BP 461 EP 470 DI 10.1002/pip.561 PG 10 WC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied SC Energy & Fuels; Materials Science; Physics GA 853AL UT WOS:000223798100008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Busch, L Bain, C AF Busch, L Bain, C TI New! Improved? The transformation of the global agrifood system SO RURAL SOCIOLOGY LA English DT Article ID POLITICAL-ECONOMY; RURAL CHANGE; NEW-ZEALAND; TRADE; SUSTAINABILITY; GLOBALIZATION; AGRICULTURE; GOVERNANCE AB The last decade has witnessed a dramatic rise in global trade in food and agricultural products. While much analysis has focused on the role of the World Trade Organization (WTO) in this process, we argue that other forms of regulation are of far greater consequence. In this paper, we examine changes in the agrifood system made possible by the WTO and we assess the rise of global private standards. We argue that the new global rules, regulations, and institutions implemented by the WTO have facilitated the ability of the,private agrifood sector to consolidate and expand internationally. Of particular importance is the growing influence of food retailers as they rapidly become more global and oligopolistic. The article concludes that today it is the private sector, and retailers in particular, together with private standards that are at the center of the transformation of the global agrifood system. C1 Michigan State Univ, Dept Sociol, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. Michigan State Univ, Inst Food & Agr Stand, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. RP Busch, L (reprint author), Michigan State Univ, Dept Sociol, 422 Berkey Hall, E Lansing, MI 48824 USA. 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PD SEP PY 2004 VL 69 IS 3 BP 321 EP 346 DI 10.1526/0036011041730527 PG 26 WC Sociology SC Sociology GA 958EC UT WOS:000231426500001 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Pezzey, JCV AF Pezzey, JCV TI One-sided sustainability tests with amenities, and changes in technology, trade and population SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article DE sustainability; optimality; net investment; green net national product; population; green accounting ID NET NATIONAL PRODUCT; EXHAUSTIBLE RESOURCES; TECHNICAL PROGRESS; NATURAL-RESOURCES; ECONOMIES; INCOME; GROWTH; NNP AB If an economy with multiple consumption goods (including environmental amenities) uniquely maximises present value with constant discounting, it is unsustainable at some time if either of two measures-augmented net investment, or the change in augmented green net national product-are zero or negative then. "Augmented" denotes that time is treated as a productive stock, which includes in each measure the value of future, exogenous changes in technology or terms of trade. Adjustments are found to make each measure a test for individual sustainability when population grows exogenously. The practical and philosophical rationale for testing sustainability in a present-value-maxim] sing, and therefore fully prescribed, development path is discussed. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. Univ Bath, Dept Econ, Bath BA2 7AY, Avon, England. RP Pezzey, JCV (reprint author), Australian Natl Univ, Ctr Resource & Environm Studies, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia. 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PD JUL PY 2004 VL 48 IS 1 BP 613 EP 631 DI 10.1016/j.jeem.2003.10.002 PG 19 WC Business; Economics; Environmental Studies SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 833UO UT WOS:000222365700001 OA Green Published DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Monfreda, C Wackernagel, M Deumling, D AF Monfreda, C Wackernagel, M Deumling, D TI Establishing national natural capital accounts based on detailed - Ecological Footprint and biological capacity assessments SO LAND USE POLICY LA English DT Article DE ecological footprint; method; ecological deficit; overshoot; natural capital; biophysical accounts ID MODEL AB The protection of natural capital, including its ability to renew or regenerate itself, represents a core aspect of sustainability. Hence, reliable measures of the supply of, and human demand on, natural capital are indispensable for tracking progress, setting targets and driving policies for sustainability. This paper presents the latest iteration of such a measure: the Ecological Footprint. After explaining the assumptions and choice of data sources on which the accounts are built, this paper presents how the newest version of these accounts has become more consistent, reliable and detailed by using more comprehensive data sources, calculating and comparing yields more consistently, distinguishing more sharply between primary and secondary production, and using procedures to identify and eliminate potential errors. As a result, this method can now provide more meaningful comparisons among nations' final consumption, or their economic production, and help to analyze the Ecological Footprint embodied in trade. With the higher level of detail, the accounts can generate sectoral assessments of an economy or, as shown in a complementary paper in this series, time trends of all these aspects. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Redefining Progress, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. RP Monfreda, C (reprint author), Redefining Progress, 1904 Franklin St,6th Floor, Oakland, CA 94612 USA. 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PD JUL PY 2004 VL 21 IS 3 BP 231 EP 246 DI 10.1016/j.landusepol.2003.10.009 PG 16 WC Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 840CK UT WOS:000222834400004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lehtonen, M AF Lehtonen, M TI The environmental - social interface of sustainable development capabilities, social capital, institutions SO ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th Meeting of the International-Society-for-Ecological-Economics CY JUL 11-14, 2004 CL Montreal, CANADA SP Int Soc Ecol Econ DE environmental-social interface; sustainable development; social capital; capabilities; environmental policy evaluation ID INDICATORS; ECONOMICS AB The social dimension has commonly been recognised as the weakest 'pillar' of sustainable development, notably when it comes to its analytical and theoretical underpinnings. While increasing attention has lately been paid to social sustainability, the interaction between the 'environmental' and the 'social' still remains a largely uncharted terrain. Nevertheless, one can argue that the key challenges of sustainable development reside at the interfaces-synergies and trade-offs-between its various dimensions. This paper looks for preliminary ideas on frameworks for analysing the environmental-social interface. It first discusses the concept of sustainable development and the relations of the three dimensions of sustainability on the basis of the fundamental premises of neoinstitutional and ecological economics, and briefly presents the 'bioeconomy model'. Based on this conceptualisation of sustainable development, it then goes on to analyse two popular ways of addressing the social dimension of sustainability, namely, the 'capability approach' of Amartya Sen, and the concept of social capital, and discusses the potential of these as bases for the analysis of the environment-social interaction. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Environmental Performance Review (EPR) programme is presented as an example of attempts to analyse the environmental-social interface in practice. The paper concludes by noting that a single framework for studying environmental-social interface is neither feasible nor desirable. It questions the usefulness of analysing only two dimensions of sustainability at a time; and emphasises the need to situate the analysis in its context. 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PD JUN 1 PY 2004 VL 49 IS 2 SI SI BP 199 EP 214 DI 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019 PG 16 WC Ecology; Economics; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Business & Economics GA 834DN UT WOS:000222391900008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wang, S AF Wang, S TI One hundred faces of sustainable forest management SO FOREST POLICY AND ECONOMICS LA English DT Article DE economics; ecosystem management; knowledge; learning; sustainability ID ECOLOGICAL ECONOMICS; ACCEPTABILITY; HISTORY; SWEDEN AB Compared with conventional forest management, sustainable forest management (SFM) is interdisciplinary, heterogeneous, less hierarchical, and more socially accountable. The analytical framework for the economics of SFM is characterized by a pluralistic and integrative nature. An adaptive, contextualized knowledge approach is desirable for operationalizing SFM principles. This approach would employ knowledge as a major vehicle in a two-tiered system in which economic incentives and trade-offs dictate resource allocation and management decisions when substitutable products are involved, but precautionary principles would prevail when the integrity of ecosystems is at stake. Several dilemmas impede the implementation of SFM principles and restrain the use of standard economics tools, but the knowledge will be able to address some of the problems posed by the dilemmas. SFM has 'one hundred faces', and the multiple dimensions call for an integrated, adaptive learning approach that promotes connectivity among various pieces on the forest landscape. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. RP Wang, S (reprint author), Nat Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Serv, Pacific Forestry Ctr, 506 W Burnside Rd, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5, Canada. 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M., 1997, ECOFORESTRY ART SCI Toivonen H, 2000, FORESTRY, V73, P129, DOI 10.1093/forestry/73.2.129 TOMAN MA, 1994, LAND ECON, V70, P399, DOI 10.2307/3146637 Turner K., 1997, EC ECOSYSTEMS CHANGE, P25 Wang P, 2001, J COMB CHEM, V3, P251, DOI 10.1021/cc0001021 Wang S, 2002, FOREST CHRON, V78, P505, DOI 10.5558/tfc78505-4 Wilson B, 1999, FOR SCI, V62, P35 Wise T.A., 2001, SURVEY SUSTAINABLE D, P47 *WORLD COMM ENV DE, 1987, COMM FUT NR 52 TC 58 Z9 61 U1 2 U2 20 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1389-9341 J9 FOREST POLICY ECON JI Forest Policy Econ. PD JUN PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3-4 BP 205 EP 213 DI 10.1016/j.forpol.2004.03.004 PG 9 WC Economics; Environmental Studies; Forestry SC Business & Economics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 825TR UT WOS:000221781700003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Cottier, T Panizzon, M AF Cottier, T Panizzon, M TI Legal perspectives on traditional knowledge: The case for intellectual property protection SO JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Conference on International Public Goods and Transfer of Technology under a Globalized Intellectual Property Regime CY APR 24-26, 2003 CL Duke Univ, Durham, NC HO Duke Univ AB This paper explores the feasibility of devising a new form of intellectual property (IP) protection that would recognize the social value of traditional knowledge (TK) and promote its integration into domestic and international trade regimes while respecting and preserving local autonomy and cultural values. Interest in the protection of TK is rooted in the goal of promoting social, economic, and ecological development of rural areas. It responds to concerns about fairness and equity in international economic relations affecting the livelihood of the bulk of the world's population. The topic is also of importance in the context of redefining the relationship between public goods, private rights, and the transfer of technology. Taken together, these concerns lead us to evaluate the policies and legal instruments that are best suited to achieving equity, validation, and sustainability while preserving open access to plant genetic materials for scientific research. C1 Univ Bern, World Trade Inst, Bern, Switzerland. RP Cottier, T (reprint author), Univ Bern, World Trade Inst, Bern, Switzerland. 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Law PD JUN PY 2004 VL 7 IS 2 BP 371 EP 399 DI 10.1093/jiel/7.2.371 PG 29 WC Law SC Government & Law GA 825HO UT WOS:000221747200009 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Rickard, S AF Rickard, S TI CAP reform, competitiveness and sustainability SO JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE LA English DT Article DE sustainability; productivity; CAP reform; environmental costs; industrialised farming; globalisations; food markets ID PRODUCTIVITY; TECHNOLOGY AB Franz Fischler has recently published his proposals for (further) reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). In summary they amount to an attempt to achieve an agricultural industry that is not only more competitive and profitable but also ecologically and environmentally sustainable. For Franz Fischler, sustainability is defined as more than the effective conservation and regeneration of natural resources; it also involves sustaining the presumed contribution of farming to rural development. This latter objective is the focus of the newly introduced second pillar of the CAP and can be interpreted as an attempt to arrest the steady decline in the number of smaller-sized farm businesses. Franz Fischler has pointed to the widespread support for these three objectives across EU populations and, subject to WTO constraints on trade distorting policies, the right of every society to choose its own agricultural policy. However, the analysis of the reform's objectives contained in this paper is that they form an irreconcilable trinity and ultimately policy makers will have to choose between a competitive industry and the protection of smaller far it businesses. This paper argues that in reality there is no choice. Globalisation will both drive and demand a more productive and competitive food chain in order to meet the demands of rising affluence and a burgeoning world population. It also argues that the industrialisation of farming is not automatically in conflict with the conservation and regeneration of natural resources. (C) 2004 Society of Chemical Industry. C1 Cranfield Sch Management, Cranfield MK43 OAL, Beds, England. RP Rickard, S (reprint author), Cranfield Sch Management, Cranfield MK43 OAL, Beds, England. 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PD JUN PY 2004 VL 84 IS 8 BP 745 EP 756 DI 10.1002/jsfa.1696 PG 12 WC Agriculture, Multidisciplinary; Chemistry, Applied; Food Science & Technology SC Agriculture; Chemistry; Food Science & Technology GA 826CA UT WOS:000221805300002 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Johnson, A Bino, R Igag, P AF Johnson, A Bino, R Igag, P TI A preliminary evaluation of the sustainability of cassowary (Aves : Casuariidae) capture and trade in Papua New Guinea SO ANIMAL CONSERVATION LA English DT Article ID SEED DISPERSAL; CONSERVATION; FORESTS AB Wildlife capture and trade for traditional use in Papua New Guinea has led to the extirpation of cassowary in some areas and increasing pressure for trade from areas where they remain. We tested a village-based monitoring programme to evaluate sustainability of wildlife capture and trade by households in the Crater Mountain Wildlife Management Area. We monitored the type and number of wildlife species captured and traded. For the most heavily traded species, dwarf cassowary, we compared estimated annual offtake of live cassowary to maximum sustainable offtake and also compared change in hunter effort over time. We found that live offtake rates of 0.06-0.07/km(2) were unsustainable in one village catchment and on the threshold of unsustainable use in another. Extirpation of cassowary will probably occur in the management area unless the location or quantity of the harvest can be restricted and the husbandry of captive birds improved. Results indicate that village monitoring of cassowary offtake is feasible when done in collaboration with outside, trained observers. Such monitoring should be encouraged as a means for landowners and management agencies to collectively evaluate the sustainability of the cassowary harvest in Papua New Guinea. This study provides an example of how scientists working with local communities in tropical forests can contribute to systematic monitoring and evaluation of wildlife offtake for sustainable use. C1 Wildlife Conservat Soc, Bronx, NY 10460 USA. Res & Conservat Fdn Papua New Guinea, Goroka, EHP, Papua N Guinea. Wildlife Conservat Soc, PNG Program, Goroka, EHP, Papua N Guinea. RP Johnson, A (reprint author), Wildlife Conservat Soc, Box 6712, Viangchan, Laos. 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PD MAY PY 2004 VL 7 BP 129 EP 137 DI 10.1017/S1367943003001173 PN 2 PG 9 WC Biodiversity Conservation; Ecology SC Biodiversity & Conservation; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 828JR UT WOS:000221970100003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Berkeley, SA Chapman, C Sogard, SM AF Berkeley, SA Chapman, C Sogard, SM TI Maternal age as a determinant of larval growth and survival in a marine fish, Sebastes melanops SO ECOLOGY LA English DT Article DE larval quality; lipid allocation; maternal effects; reproductive trade-offs; Sebastes melanop ID COD GADUS-MORHUA; BAY STRIPED BASS; ATLANTIC COD; SPAWNING CHARACTERISTICS; GENUS SEBASTES; LIFE-HISTORY; REEF FISH; EGG SIZE; RECRUITMENT; POPULATION AB Relative body size has long been recognized as a factor influencing reproductive success in fishes, but maternal age has only recently been considered. We monitored growth and starvation resistance in larvae from 20 female black rockfish (Sebastes melanops), ranging in age from five to 17 years. Larvae from the oldest females in our experiments had growth rates more than three times as fast and survived starvation more than twice as long as larvae from the youngest females. Female age was a far better predictor of larval performance than female size. The apparent underlying mechanism is a greater provisioning of larvae with energy-rich triacylglycerol (TAG) lipids as female age increases. The volume of the oil globule (composed primarily of TAG) present in larvae at parturition increases with maternal age and is correlated with subsequent growth and survival. These results suggest that progeny from older females can survive under a broader range of environmental conditions compared to progeny from younger females. Age truncation commonly induced by fisheries may, therefore, have severe consequences for long-term sustainability of fish populations. C1 Oregon State Univ, Hatfield Marine Sci Ctr, Newport, OR 97365 USA. Natl Marine Fisheries Serv, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. RP Berkeley, SA (reprint author), Univ Calif Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Rd, Santa Cruz, CA 95060 USA. 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The evolution of chemical engineering is necessary to remain competitive in global trade. The ability of chemical engineering to cope with managing complex systems met in scientific and technological problems is addressed in this paper. Chemical engineering is vital for sustainability: to satisfy both the market requirements for specific end-use properties of products and the social and environmental constraints of industrial-scale processes. An integrated system approach of complex multidisciplinary, non-linear, non-equilibrium processes and phenomena occurring on different length and time scales is required. This will be obtained due to breakthroughs in molecular modelling, scientific instrumentation and related signal processing and powerful computational tools. The future of chemical engineering can be summarized by four main objectives: (1) Increase productivity and selectivity through intensification of intelligent operations and a multiscale approach to process control; (2) Design novel equipment based on scientific principles and new production methods: process intensification; (3) Extend chemical engineering methodology to product design and engineering using the "triplet 3PE molecular Processes-Product-Process Engineering" approach; (4) Implement multiscale application of computational chemical engineering modelling and simulation to real-life situations from the molecular scale to the production scale. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Ecole Super Chim Phys Elect Lyon, CNRS, Dept Chem Engn, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France. Ecole Super Chim Phys Elect Lyon, CNRS, Dept Chem Engn, UMR 140,Lab Chim & Procedes Polymerisat, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France. RP Charpentier, JC (reprint author), Ecole Super Chim Phys Elect Lyon, CNRS, Dept Chem Engn, BP 2077, F-69616 Villeurbanne, France. 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Eng. Sci. PD APR-MAY PY 2004 VL 59 IS 8-9 BP 1617 EP 1640 DI 10.1016/j.ces.2004.01.044 PG 24 WC Engineering, Chemical SC Engineering GA 823QR UT WOS:000221628600003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Zhouri, A AF Zhouri, A TI Global-local Amazon politics - Conflicting paradigms in the rainforest campaign SO THEORY CULTURE & SOCIETY LA English DT Article DE Amazon rainforest; forest policy; transnational NGOs AB The Amazon rainforest is one of the most important topics of transnational activism. Based on the assumption that the consumption of timber in the Northern hemisphere is largely responsible for deforestation, campaigners have focused on the global timber trade. From a strategy of boycotting tropical timber in the 1980s, environmentalists shifted their approach to one influenced by a discourse on 'sustainable development' in the 1990s. Believing that they could persuade loggers to use less predatory practices, the mainstream NGOs developed a certification scheme in association with timber companies known as the FSC - Forest Stewardship Council. Since then, the NGOs have gained influence over international policies. The focus on the so-called 'Amazon forestry vocation', however, may lead to doubtful results when sustainability of local societies and ecosystems is considered. This article discusses some dimensions of the new Amazon policies that are driven by a global market perspective and which may consequently render local and diverse cultures invisible. C1 Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. RP Zhouri, A (reprint author), Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Dept Sociol & Anthropol, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. 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PD APR PY 2004 VL 21 IS 2 BP 69 EP + DI 10.1177/0263276404042135 PG 22 WC Cultural Studies SC Cultural Studies GA 819AD UT WOS:000221284700004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Leslie, AD AF Leslie, AD TI The impacts and mechanics of certification SO INTERNATIONAL FORESTRY REVIEW LA English DT Article DE certification; benefits; constraints; issues; standards ID FOREST CERTIFICATION; SUSTAINABILITY; CONSERVATION AB Certification was envisaged as a means of rewarding responsible forest management and since the mid 1990s the area of certified forest has expanded exponentially. Yet this increase has mainly been in developed, temperate countries and in forest management units that are plantation or a mix of plantation and natural forest. The success of certification has spawned a number of different approaches, which largely reflect the interests of their main stakeholders. Two schemes, the PEFC and FSC dominate. There is evidence of financial benefits to certified producers through better access to markets, but the expected premium for certified products tends to be more elusive. Other less tangible benefits relate to public image and a reduction in stakeholder conflict. Concerns involve the distribution of benefits between the producer and the retailer and certification favouring large, integrated forest organisations at the expense of others. The effect of certification on liberalisation of trade is also discussed. C1 Univ Cent Lancashire, Natl Sch Forestry, Penrith CA11 0AH, Cumbria, England. RP Leslie, AD (reprint author), Univ Cent Lancashire, Natl Sch Forestry, Cumbria Campus, Penrith CA11 0AH, Cumbria, England. 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For. Rev. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 6 IS 1 BP 30 EP 39 DI 10.1505/ifor.6.1.30.32064 PG 10 WC Forestry SC Forestry GA 818ZW UT WOS:000221284000004 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Lund, HL AF Lund, HL TI Strategies for sustainable business and the handling of workers' interests: Integrated management systems and worker participation SO ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY LA English DT Article DE democratization; employee participation; environmental management; occupational health and safety management; sustainable business; trade union strategies AB This article examines the challenges to trade unions related to workers' participation in organizational renewal known as 'sustainable business'. It analyses how integrated management systems involving occupational health and safety (OHS) and environmental issues affect employee participation. The analysis involves two case studies of enterprises that have recently been modernized in terms of employing integrated management systems. Under the general title of 'Developing Workplaces', the Danish Confederation of Trade Unions has increased its commitment to sustainability, which is used as the point of departure for concept-driven organizational change. However, the article concludes that the so-called 'prime mover' and high-profile environmental and OHS enterprises do not sufficiently take the interests of employees into consideration. C1 Roskilde Univ Ctr, Roskilde, Denmark. RP Lund, HL (reprint author), Roskilde Univ Ctr, Roskilde, Denmark. 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Ind. Democr. PD FEB PY 2004 VL 25 IS 1 BP 41 EP 74 DI 10.1177/0143831X04040100 PG 34 WC Industrial Relations & Labor SC Business & Economics GA 769EM UT WOS:000188613500003 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Bendell, J Font, X AF Bendell, J Font, X TI Which tourism rules? Green standards and GATS SO ANNALS OF TOURISM RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE sustainable; standards; certification; GATS; trade AB Programs to certify "green" or sustainable tourism standards are rapidly growing, and it is possible that certification might change in function and effect from awarding excellence to becoming defacto requirements to trade. Because certification often relies on governmental support, it could be perceived as an anti-competitive barrier to trade in the context of international practice such as the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which could reduce the appeal of standards as a self-regulatory method. This paper provides a pro-sustainability standards reading of the agreement and related World Trade Organization documents to discuss what policies and practices might be criticized as trade-restrictive and provides arguments against such criticisms. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Leeds Metropolitan Univ, Leeds LS17 6NX, W Yorkshire, England. 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PD JAN PY 2004 VL 31 IS 1 BP 139 EP 156 DI 10.1016/j.annals.2003.10.001 PG 18 WC Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism; Sociology SC Social Sciences - Other Topics; Sociology GA 779RU UT WOS:000189315000008 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Wahlqvist, ML Savige, G Wattanapenpaiboon, N AF Wahlqvist, ML Savige, G Wattanapenpaiboon, N TI Cuisine and health: a new initiative for science and technology 'The Zhejiang Report' from Hangzhou SO ASIA PACIFIC JOURNAL OF CLINICAL NUTRITION LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT Joint ZAST/IUNS/WHO Workshop on Current Patterns and Emerging Challenges of Nutrition Cuisine and Health CY OCT 14-17, 2003 CL Hangzhou, PEOPLES R CHINA SP ZAST, IUNS, WHO DE cuisine; food; economic development; health; eco-nutrition; Hangzhou; Zhejiang province; China; science; technology; trade; transport; migration; social cohesion; locality; region ID ECO-NUTRITIONAL DISEASE; SOCIAL SUPPORT; MEN BORN; FOOD; NETWORK; MORTALITY AB There has been a rapid and remarkable recovery in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, during the 1990s, of a distinctive cuisine whose origins can be traced back to, at least, the building of the Grand Canal between Beijing and Hangzhou in the 600s AD and the stimulus to trade and migration, that was provided. This, along with exceptional health indices in the region, provides a basis for a new integrative study of the food chain, food culture and food science in regard to the human condition, which would be manifest by the degree of environmental sustainability, economic progress, social cohesion, health status, well-being and happiness that these dimensions of "food for humans" should support. Collectively, these have rarely been subject to systematic scholarly pursuit. Through the endeavours of the Zhejiang Association for Science and Technology, representing some 150000 professionals and the international community, represented principally by the International Union of Nutritional Sciences (IUNS) and its partners in WHO, the FAO Network of Excellence and the Hangzhou University of Commerce, this field has been brought together through the papers in this issue of Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition. The report builds on related endeavours in recent times, notably "The Okinawan Roundtable on Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease" which recognizes the exceptional and distinguishing features of the Okinawan diet in health protection, and the assessment of the place of fatty fruits, like red palm fruit amongst "North and West African Foods". C1 Monash Univ, Monash Asia Inst, Asia Pacific Hlth & Nutr Ctr, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. RP Wahlqvist, ML (reprint author), Monash Univ, Monash Asia Inst, Asia Pacific Hlth & Nutr Ctr, Bldg 11A, Melbourne, Vic 3800, Australia. 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J. Clin. Nutr. PY 2004 VL 13 IS 2 BP 121 EP 124 PG 4 WC Nutrition & Dietetics SC Nutrition & Dietetics GA 833BG UT WOS:000222310800001 PM 15228976 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU McAfee, K AF McAfee, K TI Geographies of risk and difference in crop genetic engineering SO GEOGRAPHICAL REVIEW LA English DT Article DE agriculture; biodiversity; biotechnology; development; green revolution; intellectual property ID MEXICO AB Genetic engineering is often depicted as a breakthrough solution to hunger and environmental problems in agriculture. Such claims encourage the further shift of public resources toward molecular sciences, globalized intellectual property rights, and relaxed biotechnology regulation. However, focusing on transgenic crops is a risky and inadequate response to socioeconomic and ecological challenges. The search for a universal, technological solution disregards the complex geographies of food production and trade. This article challenges claims that crop genetic engineering represents a new direction in agriculture, that transgenic crops have performed well, and that the regulatory approaches used in the United States or Europe are universally applicable. It outlines three geographies of difference that distinguish agriculture in the global North from farming in most of the global South. Those differences point to the need for more place-specific, multifaceted, and farmer-centered approaches to agricultural productivity and sustainability, approaches to which geographers have much to contribute. C1 Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RP McAfee, K (reprint author), Univ Calif Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA. RI Bear, Christopher/H-8716-2013 OI Bear, Christopher/0000-0001-7130-515X CR ACKERMAN F, 2003, 0306 TUFTS U GLOB DE Acuna Rodarte O., 2003, CONFRONTING GLOBALIZ, P129 *AFR GROUP, 2003, COMMUNICATION Altieri M. 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S., 2003, POLITICAL ECOLOGY Zimmerer K.S., 1996, CHANGING FORTUNES BI NR 93 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 0 U2 13 PU AMER GEOGRAPHICAL SOC PI NEW YORK PA 120 WALL ST, STE 100, NEW YORK, NY 10005 USA SN 0016-7428 J9 GEOGR REV JI Geogr. Rev. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 94 IS 1 BP 80 EP 106 PG 27 WC Geography SC Geography GA 922BW UT WOS:000228811900005 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Romero-Hernandez, O AF Romero-Hernandez, O TI To treat or not to treat? Applying chemical engineering tools and a life cycle approach to assessing the level of sustainability of a clean-up technology SO GREEN CHEMISTRY LA English DT Article ID DESIGN; ADSORPTION; ORGANICS; MODELS; COSTS; GAC AB A traditional approach used to evaluate clean-up technologies, in which only plant discharges are considered, is contrasted with a sustainability assessment. The sustainability of any technology can be assessed from three complementary points of view: economic, environmental and social. As such, this paper presents a comprehensive scheme that can be applied to any process, product or technology. In addition, the use of chemical engineering tools such as process design, process modelling and simulation represent a baseline for the sustainability assessment of technologies, as presented in a case study. The optimal granular activated carbon adsorption process design is used as a model system to demonstrate the advantages of sustainability approaches over traditional approaches. A mathematical model that describes the performance of the process at various design options was developed. This model includes cost equations that were used to estimate the total cost of each alternative under different plant designs and two waste scenarios ( a benzene and a 1,2-dichloroethane discharge). Life Cycle Assessment tools were applied to generate an inventory of emissions and the impact assessment measured as Photochemical Ozone Creation (POC) and Global Warming Potential (GWP). The model examined trade-offs between pollutants discharged into the atmosphere and pollution associated with the adoption and operation of the technology. One of the main results from the technology assessment is that the environmental impact, measured in terms of GWP proved to be higher for the technology operation than for the untreated waste streams themselves, and therefore suggested that the streams should not be treated. However, the social impact evaluation ( measured as risk assessment) conducted as part of this work proved that it was morally and legally mandatory to treat them due to the adverse effects on human health that they may represent. As such, a triple bottom line sustainability assessment was demonstrated to be one of the most important frameworks for decision making. The evaluation scheme presented in this work can also be applied to other areas such as the identification of the most sustainable process design and different green chemistry route alternatives. C1 ITAM, Dept Ind Engn, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. RP Romero-Hernandez, O (reprint author), ITAM, Dept Ind Engn, Rio Hondo 1,Col Tizapan San Angel, Mexico City 01000, DF, Mexico. EM oromero@itam.mx OI Romero-Hernandez, Omar/0000-0002-5428-6513 CR ADAMS JQ, 1991, J AM WATER WORKS ASS, V83, P49 Aelion V, 1995, ENVIRON PROG, V14, P193, DOI 10.1002/ep.670140319 AZAPAGIC A, 1999, INT J LCA, V4, P133 Bailey J. 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P., 1995, WASTE MINIMISATION P *SETAC, 1993, CONC FRAM LIF CYCL I STENZEL MH, 1993, CHEM ENG PROG, V89, P36 *US EPA, 1993, EPA600R92226 *US EPA, 2000, EPA600R00023 *US NAT RES COUNC, 1972, INT CRIT TABL NUM DA NR 26 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 1 U2 13 PU ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY PI CAMBRIDGE PA THOMAS GRAHAM HOUSE, SCIENCE PARK, MILTON RD, CAMBRIDGE CB4 0WF, CAMBS, ENGLAND SN 1463-9262 EI 1463-9270 J9 GREEN CHEM JI Green Chem. PY 2004 VL 6 IS 8 BP 395 EP 400 DI 10.1039/b401871k PG 6 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Green & Sustainable Science & Technology SC Chemistry; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 853LG UT WOS:000223828500011 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Seager, TP Theis, TL AF Seager, TP Theis, TL TI A taxonomy of metrics for testing the industrial ecology hypotheses and application to design of freezer insulation SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE exergy; pollution potential; sustainability metrics ID LIFE-CYCLE ANALYSIS; ENERGY; CONSILIENCE; POTENTIALS; INVENTORY; ECONOMICS; RELEASE; PROSPER; CLIMATE; INDEXES AB Industrial ecology is sometimes referred to as the science of sustainability, but unlike mature sciences, it has yet to establish reliable modes of inquiry or a uniform framework for dialogue-partly because sustainability is difficult to characterize, and partly because industry-environment interactions are difficult to model quantitatively. A number of sustainability metrics have recently been proposed that partially address the quantification problem, but inevitably oversimplify the problem of sustainability characterization. This paper proposes an overarching taxonomy for classifying the quantitative criteria of sustainability as financial. thermodynamic, environmental, ecological, socio-political or aggregated. Several examples are presented. Pollution potential, which is an environmental metric related to the ideal thermodynamic work (of mixing) per mole required to remove pollutants from the environment, is discussed in particular. However, because no single metric can capture sustainability per se, industrial ecology may be limited to elucidating the trade-offs that exist between different types of complementary (rather than substitutable) criteria. The life cycle of polyurethane foam insulation in freezer applications is presented as a quantitative example of how different environmental criteria can lead to different design recommendations. Lastly, the framework proposed herein suggests a research agenda for industrial ecology, especially regarding the linkages between different measures of sustainability and cross-comparison of the investigative methods found in different sciences related to sustainability. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Univ New Hampshire, Environm Res Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. Univ Illinois, Inst Environm Sci & Policy, Chicago, IL 60612 USA. RP Seager, TP (reprint author), Univ New Hampshire, Environm Res Grp, Durham, NH 03824 USA. 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Clean Prod. PY 2004 VL 12 IS 8-10 BP 865 EP 875 DI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.02.032 PG 11 WC GREEN & SUSTAINABLE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 829UR UT WOS:000222076200007 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Kituyi, E AF Kituyi, E TI Towards sustainable production and use of charcoal in Kenya: exploring the potential in life cycle management approach SO JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION LA English DT Article DE industrial ecology; LCM; charcoal; production and consumption; sustainability ID POLLUTION AB The study seeks to demonstrate the potential role that industrial ecology could play towards energy poverty reduction and environmental conservation in Kenya through sustainable charcoal production and consumption. This is achieved through an exploration of the application of the life cycle management (LCM) concept that identifies various opportunities for technological intervention for energy and environmental conservation and reduction of material and energy losses. It also identifies opportunities for income generation at various stages of the product's life cycle; an aspect critical in poverty reduction in developing countries. The study finds that applying LCM in the charcoal trade in Kenya can deliver social, economic and environmental benefits to developing country communities and should, therefore, be promoted. However, appropriate legal, policy and institutional frameworks must exist in these countries for this to occur. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Nairobi, Dept Chem, Ind Ecol Inst, Ind Ecol Grp, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. RP Kituyi, E (reprint author), Univ Nairobi, Dept Chem, Ind Ecol Inst, Ind Ecol Grp, POB 30197, Nairobi 00100, Kenya. 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PY 2004 VL 12 IS 8-10 BP 1047 EP 1057 DI 10.1016/j.clepro.2004.02.011 PG 11 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Environmental Sciences SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Engineering; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 829UR UT WOS:000222076200021 DA 2019-04-09 ER PT J AU Williams, A AF Williams, A TI Governance and sustainability: an investigation of the role of policy mediators in the European Union policy process SO POLICY AND POLITICS LA English DT Article DE governance; sustainability; integration; mediation AB This article argues that changing governance modes in the European Union (EU), including territorial multi-level governance and the dispersion of decision-making authority in policy networks, along with the separation of functions at all governance levels, is often characterised by fragmentation in the policy process. This causes difficulties for policy makers in identifying and avoiding unintended ex post policy outcomes, including 'trade-offs' between economic, social and environmental objectives that, in the context of sustainability, are sub-optimal. A case study of the implementation of the EU Ozone Depleting Substances Regulation in the UK tests this hypothesis. It is then suggested that policy mediators have an important role to play in facilitating the effective coordination of policy formulation and implementation in a manner commensurate with broad sustainable development objectives. C1 Cardiff Univ, Ctr Business Relationships Accountabil Sustainabi, BRASS, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. RP Williams, A (reprint author), Cardiff Univ, Ctr Business Relationships Accountabil Sustainabi, BRASS, Cardiff, S Glam, Wales. 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